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Tp Bin Kho: Mt K Nim Щp
Nguyn Tn Hng
i Nam xut bn 1991
Mc Lc
01. Ma Xun Ny Ta Nn Lm Щp
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01. MU/`A XUA/^N NA/`Y TA NE/^N LA/`M D/^E/.P
NGUYN TN HNG
Ta/.i sao ne/'t chu/,/~ trong nhu/,/~ng trang na/`y co/' pha/^/`n kha/'c bie/^/.t so vo/,/'i nhu/,/~ng trang kha/'c cu/?a cuo/^/'n ba/' Ly/' do ra/^/'t la/` d/^o/,n gia/?n: "Ta/.i vi/` nhu/,/~ng trang na/`y kho/^ng do nha/` in cu/?a ba/'o Va/vn Ho/.c xe/^/'p chu/,/~." Ma/` do chi/'nh to/^i tu/,/. xe/^/'p chu/,/~ la/^/'y! Co/' gio/^/'ng kho/^ng? Co/^ng nha/^/.n la/` gio/^/'ng gio/^/'ng tho/^i, cho/,/' la/`m sao gio/^/'ng y chang nguye/^n con cho d/^u/,o/,/.c. Hai gio/.t nu/,o/,/'c! Nhu/, hai gio/.t nu/,o/,/'c thi/` d/^u/'ng ro/^/`i, vi/` ai ma/` kho/^ng bie/^/'t hai gio/.t nu/,o/,/'c chi/? gio/^/'ng nhau o/,/? be/^/` ngoa/`i, cho/,/' co/`n pha/^/?m cha/^/'t trong ruo/^/.t thi/` kha/'c nhau x.. U/,/`a, ro/^/`i ca/'c ba/.n se/~ tha/^/'y ca/'i to/^i no/'i kha/'c nhau xa la/` the/^/' na/`
Ra/^/'t tie/^/'c to/^i pha/?i d/^e/^/'n vo/,/'i d/^o/^/.c gia/? Va/vn Ho/.c bo/,/?i mo/^/.t ba/`i vie/^/'t la/~ng tu/,/? nhu/, va/^/` Kho/^ng la/` mo/^/.t sa/'ng ta/'c va/vn nghe/^/. va/vn gu/,/`ng gi/` he/^/'t. Kho/^ng la/` mo/^/.t truye/^/.n nga/v/'n, cu/~ng kho/^ng la/` mo/^/.t ba/`i tho/,. Ta/.i vi/` va/vn tho/, cu/?a to/^i co/' le/~ d/^a/~ bi/. o/^ng d/^ie/^/`u ha/`nh chung Nguye/^/~n Mo/^/.ng Gia/'c vu/,/'t vo/^ so/.t ra/'c he/^/'t ro/^/` Ta/`i na/vng mong manh cu/?a mi/`nh chi/? co/' chu/,/`ng d/^o/' thi/` cu/~ng d/^a/`nh chi/.u tho/^ Nhu/,ng, d/^a/~ dang di/'u vo/,/'i Va/vn Ho/.c, thi/` cu/~ng ne/^n nu/'m ni/'u vo/,/'i Va/vn Ho/.c. Nhu/, nu/'m ni/'u vo/,/'i mo/^/.t ngu/,o/,/`i ti/`nh. Bi/. ngu/,o/,/`i ti/`nh d/^a/' le/^n d/^a/' xuo/^/'ng nhu/, va/^/.y, d/^au nhu/, bi/. bo/` d/^a/' nhu/, va/^/.y, le/~ ra to/^i cu/~ng ne/^n ru/'t lui co/' tra/^/.t tu/,/. cho ro/^/`i, ai ma/` chu/,o/,/`ng ca/'i ma/v/.t d/^au thu/,o/,ng d/^o/' ra chi nu/,/~ Ru/'t lui thi/` d/^a/~ ma/^/'y la/^/`n ru/'t lu Nhu/,ng, la/^/`n na/`y ru/'t lui kho/^ng pha/?i la/` d/^e/^/? chuo/^/`n e/^m ma/` la/` d/^e/^/? la/^/'y tro/,/'n, d/^e/^/? la/`m mo/^/.t ma/`n kha/'c cho cuo/^/.c ti/`nh s Co/' pha/^/`n cu/.p la/.c ho/,n. Thi/` d/^a/^y la/`: "Mu/`a Xua/^n Na/`y Ta Ne/^n La/`m D/^e/.p."
La/`m d/^e/.p? Cho a Ai ngu/,o/,/`i ta cu/~ng d/^e/.p ca/? ro/^/`i, d/^a/^u ca/^/`n mi/`nh pha/?i la/`m d/^e/.p! D/^a/^u d/^u/,o/,/.c, no/'i nhu/, va/^/.y bao nhie/^u tha/^/?m my/~ vie/^/.n o/,/? tre/^n the/^/' gio/,/'i na/`y de/.p tie/^/.m he/^/'t sa Nhie/^/`u ngu/,o/,/`i d/^a/~ d/^e/.p ro/^/`i ma/` ngu/,o/,/`i ta co/`n pha/?i la/`m d/^e/.p the/^m nu/,/~a co/,. Rie/^ng to/^i, ne/^/'u ai d/^a/~ d/^e/.p ro/^/`i thi/` xin mie/^/~n. To/^i chi/? muo/^/'n la/`m d/^e/.p cho nhu/,/~ng ngu/,o/,/`i da/'m tu/,/. xu/,ng "em la/` ga/'i tro/,/`i ba/v/'t xa/^/'u" ma/` tho/^ Nhu/,ng la/`m d/^e/.p ve/^/` ca/'i gi/` cho/,/'? Mu/~i, ma/v/'t, ngu/,/.c, mo/^ng, eo c..? D/^u/,/`ng da/.i do/^/.t ma/` no/'i "tai, mu/~i, ho/.ng," nghe no/' go/,/'m qua/'! Tho/^i, to/^i xin thu/,a: "Nghe/^/` la/`m d/^e/.p cu/?a to/^i la/` nghe/^/` xe/^/'p chu/,/~ d/^o/'." Na/~y gio/,/` to/^i no/'i chuye/^/.n toa/`n la/` chu/,/~ nghi/~a, va/vn nghe/^/., va/vn gu/,/`ng kho/^ng ma/`!
Pha/?i, o/,/? tho/,/`i d/^a/.i information age na/`y, vo/,/'i personal computer va/` laser printer ma/` ra/^/'t tie/^/'c co/' nhie/^/`u cuo/^/'n sa/'ch chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t, bo/? da/^/'u chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t ba/v/`ng tay va/^/~n co/`n xua/^/'t ba/?n, pha/'t ha/`nh. Su/,/. d/^a/'ng tie/^/'c na/`y kho/^ng rie/^ng gi/` cho mo/^/.t ai ma/` la/` chung cho ca/? mo/^/.t the/^/' he/^/. chu/,/~ nghi/~a lu/,u vong cu/?a chu/'ng t Chi/'nh to/^i, to/^i cu/~ng tu/,/. ba/?o: "Ra/^/'t tie/^/'c pha/?i d/^o/,/.i d/^e/^/'n mu/`a xua/^n na/vm na/`y, mu/`a xua/^n na/vm 88, to/^i mo/,/'i kha/'m pha/' ra va/` d/^e/^/` ca/^/.p d/^e/^/'n va/^/'n d/^e/^/` electronic typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t." Electronic typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t? Xu/,a qua/', ngu/,o/,/`i ta d/^a/~ bie/^/'t tu/,/` la/^u ro/^/`i: "Ro/~, e/^/'ch ngo/^/`i d/^a/'y gie/^/'ng." Bo/^/. kho/^ng tha/^/'y ma/^/'y tra/vm to/,/` nha/^/.t ba/' tua/^/`n ba/' nguye/^/.t san, giai pha/^/?m o/,/? ha/?i ngoa/.i hay sa Da/. tha/^/' Nhu/,ng, d/^o/' la/` nhu/,/~ng "ngu/,o/,/`i d/^a/~ d/^e/.p ro/^/`i," to/^i d/^a/^u da/'m so/,/` d/^e/^/'n. To/^i chi/? ke/^/` tai no/'i nho/? vo/,/'i nhu/,/~ng ngu/,o/,/`i ca/^/`m bu/'t, nhu/,/~ng nha/` va/vn, nhu/,/~ng nha/` tho/,, nhu/,/~ng ba/.n va/vn, nhu/,/~ng ba/.n tho/,, v.v. ra/v/`ng: "Mi/`nh co/' the/^/? vie/^/'t sa/'ch chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t, la/`m sa/'ch chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t ba/v/`ng personal computer va/` laser printer." Muo/^/'n bie/^/'t the/^m chi tie/^/'t thi/` ca/'c ba/.n cu/,/' pha/?i ra/'n ma/` d/^o/.c tie/^/'p.
Phu/,o/,ng pha/'p to/^i la/`m typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t cho ba/`i na/`y, thie/^/.t ti/`nh ma/` no/'i, no/' cu/~ng co/^/? lo/^/~ si/? la/v/'m: "Troff." Ba/^y gio/,/` ngu/,o/,/`i ta pha/?i no/'i page make-up system, WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get) system... vv. Nhu/,ng, troff vi/` tu/,/. no/' pha/?i sinh to/^/`n, pha/?i cho/^/'ng la/.i be/^/.nh die/^/.t chu/?ng, ma/` no/' cu/~ng pha/?i pha/'t trie/^/?n kho/^ng ngu/,/`ng d/^e/^/? co/' ca/'i ke/^/'t qua/? nga/`y ho/^m na Ngu/,o/,/`i Nha/'i cu/?a Ha/?i Qua/^n Vie/^/.t Nam co/' kha/^/?u hie/^/.u: "Nhu/,/~ng gi/` ngu/,o/,/`i ta la/`m kho/^ng d/^u/,o/,/.c, Ngu/,o/,/`i Nha/'i la/`m d/^u/,o/,/.c," thi/` troff cu/~ng da/'m no/'i tu/,o/,ng tu/,/. nhu/, va/^/.y: "Ca/'i gi/` ma/` nhu/,/~ng system kia la/`m d/^u/,o/,/.c thi/` troff cu/~ng co/' the/^/? la/`m d/^u/,o/,/.c." D/^u/'ng hay sai la/` d/^e/^/? li/.ch su/,/? pha/'n xe/'t theo quan nie/^/.m cu/?a Ngu/,o/,/`i Nha/'i, d/^u/'ng hay sai la/` d/^e/^/? programmer pha/'n xe/'t theo quan nie/^/.m cu/?a troff. Rie/^ng to/^i, vi/` kho/^ng la/` mo/^/.t programmer chi/'nh hie/^/.u ne/^n to/^i ke/^/'t lua/^/.n: "Kho/^ng hoa/`n toa/`n d/^u/'ng cho la/v/'m, troff cu/~ng la/`m d/^u/,o/,/.c nhu/,ng tro/,/? nga/.i la/` speed, memory space allocation... vv." Nhu/,ng to/^i bie/^/'t cha/v/'c mo/^/.t d/^ie/^/`u: "Kho/^ng co/' mo/^/.t system na/`o co/' the/^/? la/`m d/^u/? thu/,/' nhu/, troff la/`m ca/?."
Ma/` ca/'c ba/.n d/^a/^u ca/^/`n bie/^/'t nhu/,/~ng chi tie/^/'c technical d/^o/' la/`m gi/` cho me/^/.t! Ca/'c ba/.n chi/? muo/^/'n bie/^/'t troff la/` ca/'i gi/`? Xu/,/? du/.ng the/^/' na/` Ke/^/'t qua/? ra sa No/'i vo/`ng vo tam quo/^/'c hoa/`i nghe nhu/,/'c d/^a/^/`u qua/' pha/?i kho/^ng? Ok, ok. Thi/` troff ra d/^o/,/`i d/^a/~ la/^u ro/^/` Tru/,o/,/'c khi mi/`nh qua My/~ co/,, 72-73 thi/` pha/? Troff la/` mo/^/.t function cu/?a UNIX* operating system. Ma/` UNIX operating system la/` con d/^e/? cu/?a C language, mo/^/.t thu/,/' computer language d/^a/~ d/^u/,o/,/.c thie/^/'t la/^/.p va/` he/^/. tho/^/'ng ho/'a o/,/? nhu/,/~ng pho/`ng lab cu/?a Bell Laboratories. Va/` Bell Laboratories la/` cu/?a AT&T, la/` ha/~ng to/^i d/^ang la/`m.
Tho/^i ma/`, qua/?ng ca/'o hoa/`i! U/,/`a, thi/` no/'i chuye/^/.n pha/?i co/' d/^a/^/`u co/' d/^uo/^i cho/,/'. No/'i d/^e/^/'n troff, no/'i d/^e/^/'n mo/^/.t phu/,o/,ng pha/'p typesetting, thi/` pha/?i no/'i so/, so/, ve/^/` font , ve/^/` point size , ve/^/` format , ve/^/` memorandum macro ma/` ngu/,o/,/`i ta hay go/.i ta/v/'t la/` mm macro .
Font thi/` de/^/~ ro/^/`i, xem nhu/,/~ng thi/' du/. du/,o/,/'i d/^a/^y:
f(HRA, B, C..., a, b, c..., 1, 2, 3..., Helvetica
f(HOA, B, C..., a, b, c..., 1, 2, 3..., Helvetica-Outline
f(geA, B, C..., a, b, c..., 1, 2, 3..., Hershey-Gothic
f(scA, B, C..., a, b, c..., 1, 2, 3..., Hershey-Script
f(ZCA, B, C..., a, b, c..., 1, 2, 3..., ZapfChancery
Va/^/.y thi/` font la/` kie/^/?u chu/,/~! Va/` tre/^n the/^/' gio/,/'i na/`y co/' bao nhie/^u kie/^/?u chu/,/~? To/^/'i thie/^/?u cu/~ng hai chu/.c ho/,n, tuy nhie/^n, co/' d/^u/? font hay kho/^ng thi/` co/`n tu/`y thuo/^/.c va/`o tu/,/`ng loa/.i printer. The/^m mo/^/.t d/^ie/^/?m ca/^/`n no/'i la/` mo/^/~i kie/^/?u chu/,/~ d/^e/^/`u co/' bo/^/'n ca/'ch in chi/'nh cho ca/? vie/^/'t thu/,o/,/`ng va/` vie/^/'t hoa: chu/,/~ thu/,o/,/`ng (roman), chu/,/~ nghie/^ng (italic), chu/,/~ d/^a/^/.m (bold), va/` chu/,/~ nghie/^ng d/^a/^/.m (bold-italic).
Point size thi/` cu/~ng de/^/~ tho/^ Cu/,/' theo tho/^ng le/^/. "mo/^/.t bu/,/'c tranh no/'i le/^n tra/vm nga/`n tie/^/'ng no/'i," thi/` cu/~ng ne/^n xem nhu/,/~ng bu/,/'c tranh du/,o/,/'i d/^a/^y:
.S 6 8 Bu/,/'c tranh 1, 6 points
.S 12 14 Bu/,/'c tranh 2, 12 points
.S 18 22 Bu/,/'c tranh 3, 18 points
.S 24 28 Bu/,/'c tranh 4, 24 points .S 11 14
Va/^/.y thi/` point size la/` co/,/~ chu/,/~. Va/` point size pha/?i co/' mo/^/.t gio/,/'i ha/.n nhu/, the/^/' na/` Cu/~ng la/` va/^/'n d/^e/^/` co/`n tu/`y thuo/^/.c va/`o tu/,/`ng loa/.i printer, tho/^ng thu/,o/,/`ng tu/,/` 1 cho d/^e/^/'n 60. 1 point la/` 1/12 cu/?a pic Ma/` 1 pica thi/` ba/v/`ng 1/6 cu/?a 1 inch, nhu/, va/^/.y 1 point la/` 1/72 cu/?a 1 inch.
Format thi/` sa Format tu/,/'c la/` lay-out cu/?a trang gia/^/' Chie/^/`u ngang, chie/^/`u ro/^/.ng cu/?a trang gia/^/'y: kho/^/? 8 (12 x11 la/` kho/^/? nguye/^n trang gia/^/'y ho/.c tro/`, nhu/, ba/'o La/`ng Va/vn..., kho/^/? 5 (12 x8 (12 la/` kho/^/? nu/,/?a trang, nhu/, ba/'o Va/vn Ho/.c, Va/vn cha/v/?ng ha/.n... Ro/^/`i d/^e/^/'n chie/^/`u ngang, chie/^/`u ro/^/.ng cu/?a cho/^/~ in chu/,/~ (text). Ro/^/`i d/^e/^/'n pha/^/`n d/^a/^/`u trang (page header), pha/^/`n cuo/^/'i trang (page footer). Pha/^/`n d/^a/^/`u trang tho/^ng thu/,o/,/`ng la/` tu/,/.a cu/?a mo/^/.t chu/,o/,ng, tu/,/.a cu/?a mo/^/.t truye/^/.n nga/v/'n. Pha/^/`n cuo/^/'i trang tho/^ng thu/,o/,/`ng la/` so/^/' trang (page number). Chi/? co/' Va/vn Ho/.c la/` la/`m chuye/^/.n qua/'i d/^a/?n: in pha/^/`n d/^a/^/`u trang va/` cuo/^/'i trang di/'nh le/.o o/,/? tre/^n d/^a/^/`
Ma/` thu/,/? ho/?i ai cho mi/`nh ca/'i quye/^/`n phe/'p total control d/^o/' cho/,/'? Xin thu/,a: "Thi/` troff cho/,/' ai vo/^ d/^a/^" Troff nhu/, mo/^/.t o/^ng boss de/^/~ ta/'nh, da/'m ta/v/.ng cho d/^a/'m nha/^n vie/^n cu/?a mi/`nh ca/'i flexibilit Nho/,/` va/^/.y ma/` troff mo/,/'i co/' co/, ho/^/.i so/^/'ng. Ca/'i flexibility d/^o/' la/` mm macr ca/'i tie/^/'t mu/.c sau cu/`ng ma/` to/^i muo/^/'n ba/`n vo/,/'i ca/'c ba/.n ve/^/` troff.
Mm macro la/` ky/' hie/^/.u cu/?a nhu/,/~ng typesetting function, go/^/`m mo/^/.t hoa/v/.c hai chu/,/~ (ma/^/~u tu/,/.) da/^/~n d/^a/^/`u ba/v/`ng mo/^/.t da/^/'u cha/^/'m (dot). Va/` d/^u/,/'ng rie/^ng mo/^/.t mi/`nh, mo/^/.t ha/`ng. Thi/' du/. nhu/, .H, .P, .ti, .in, , .DS, .DE, v.v. Ma/` mm macro xu/,/? du/.ng nhu/, the/^/' na/` D/^a/^ Na/~y gio/,/` to/^i d/^a/~ xa/`i ro/^/`i ma/` ca/'c ba/.n d/^a/^u co/' ha Macro .H la/` du/`ng cho heading, tu/,/.a truye/^/.n, tu/,/.a chu/,o/,ng. Ma/^/'y chu/,/~ lo/,/'n "Mu/`a Xua/^n Na/`y Ta Ne/^n La/`m D/^e/.p," tu/,/.a cu/?a ba/`i na/`y la/` la/`m bo/,/?i .H 1 d/^o/'. Ta/.i sao pha/?i .H 1? Ta/.i vi/`, tu/,/.a thi/` co/' tu/,/.a lo/,/'n tu/,/.a nho/?, va/` d/^a/^y la/` tu/,/.a lo/,/'n nha/^/'t thi/` cho no/' mang so/^/' 1 la/` ho/,/.p ly/' ro/^/` Troff co/' the/^/? handle d/^e/^/'n 7 ha/.ng tu/,/.a, 7 levels. D/^e/^/? chi va/^/.y ca/'c ba/.n co/' bie/^/'t? D/^e/^/? la/`m ca/'i "Mu/.c Lu/.c" o/,/? cuo/^/'i sa/'ch, d/^e/^/? ca/'c ba/.n kho/?i pha/?i lo tu/,/.a truye/^/.n na/`o na/v/`m o/,/? trang na/` Giao khoa/'n pha/^/`n d/^o/' cho troff. Macro .P la/` d/^a/^/`u paragraph. Cu/,/' mo/^/~i khi ga/v/.p .P thi/` troff tu/,/. d/^o/^/.ng bie/^/'t ra/v/`ng mi/`nh pha/?i la/`m mo/^/.t ca/'i "cha/^/'m xuo/^/'ng ha/`ng." Ma/` "cha/^/'m xuo/^/'ng ha/`ng" thi/` pha/?i thu/.t vo/^. Bo/,/?i va/^/.y pha/?i xa/`i macro .ti, temporarily indent. Co/`n macro .in, indent, thi/` ha/`ng na/`o cu/~ng thu/.t vo/^. Ca/'i na/`y d/^e/^/? in tho/, ngu/~ ngo/^n, tha/^/'t ngo/^n thi/` kho/?i pha/?i che/^:
Bu/,o/,/'c to/,/'i d/^e/`o Ngang bo/'ng xe/^/' ta/` Co/? ca/^y chen d/^a/' la/' chen hoa Lom khom du/,o/,/'i nu/'i tie/^/`u va/`i chu/' La/'c d/^a/'c be/^n so/^ng ro/,/. ma/^/'y nha/`
Macro , center, thi/` xa/`i cho tho/, lu/.c ba/'t, song tha/^/'t lu/.c ba/'t:
D/^a/^/`u lo/`ng hai a/? to/^/' nga Thu/'y Kie/^/`u la/` chi/. em la/` Thu/'y Va/^n Mai co/^/'t ca/'ch tuye/^/'t tinh tha/^/`n Mo/^/~i ngu/,o/,/`i mo/^/~i ve/? mu/,o/,/`i pha/^n ve/.n mu/,o/,/`i
Co/`n macro .DS, display start, va/` macro .DE, display end, thi/` pha/?i xa/`i chung nhu/, mo/^/.t ca/v/.p. Mu/.c d/^i/'ch d/^e/^/? chu/,/`a khoa/?ng tro/^/'ng d/^e/^/? ve/~ tranh "minh ho/.a," tranh "hi/' ho/.a," d/^e/^/? "ca/v/'t da/'n" hi/`nh cu/?a mo/^/.t giai nha/^n cha/v/?ng ha/.n..., hoa/v/.c d/^e/^/? la/`m thi/' du/. nhu/, du/,o/,/'i d/^a/^y:
.DS
Chu/,/`a tre/^n, du/,o/,/'i 1 inch.
.DE
D/^a/^y chi/? la/` nhu/,/~ng mm macro d/^a/~ d/^u/,o/,/.c vie/^/'t sa/v/~n ma/` troff d/^a/~ co/^/'ng hie/^/'n cho mi/`mh. Na/vm ba/?y chu/.c loa/.i mm macr tu/`y theo cho/^/~ ma/` xa/` Ne/^/'u mi/`nh che/^ mm macr muo/^/'n re-design no/' thi/` cu/~ng cha/v/?ng ai ca/^/'m. Ngon la/`nh ho/,n, vie/^/'t luo/^n a-new-set-of-macro cho mi/`nh xa/`i rie/^ng thi/` cu/~ng cha/v/?ng ai phie/^/`n. Chi/? ca/^/`n d/^u/,/`ng go/.i te/^n tru/`ng te/^n vo/,/'i mm macr cho kho/?i bi/. bomb la/` xong. Troff cho mi/`nh ca/'i flexibility cu/?a ca/'i flexibilit To/'m la/.i, mo/^/.t cuo/^/'n sa/'ch tu/,/` trang d/^a/^/`u d/^e/^/'n trang cuo/^/'i, tu/,/` tu/,/.a sa/'ch, lo/,/`i gio/,/'i thie/^/.u (xem nhu/, la/` preface), cho d/^e/^/'n mu/.c lu/.c (table of contents), glossary, index, appendix..., troff cha/.y mo/^/.t ma/.ch va/` spit-out cho mi/`nh ta/.i laser printer trong ti/'t ta/v/'t. Chi/? kho/^/? cho mo/^/.t ngu/,o/,/`i ma/` tho/^i: "input operator." Input operator pha/?i bie/^/'t cho/^/~ na/`o ma/` insert ca/'i mm macro ca/^/`n thie/^/'t d/^e/^/? troff la/`m nhu/,/~ng d/^ie/^/`u ma/` mi/`nh muo/^/'n. Input operator ne/^/'u bie/^/'t d/^u/,o/,/.c vi (visual editor) thi/` co/`n d/^o/,/~, cho/,/' co/`n xa/`i edlin, ed thi/` kho/^/? so/,/? se/~ bie/^/'t d/^e/^/'n du/,o/,/`ng na/`
Ta/^/'t ca/? nhu/,/~ng gi/` to/^i no/'i tre/^n d/^a/^y tha/^/.t su/,/. d/^o/,/'i vo/,/'i to/^i kho/^ng co/' mo/^/.t gi/'a tri/. na/`o he/^/'t. Hoa/v/.c co/' mo/^/.t gia/' tri/. vu/,/`a pha/?i na/`o d/^o/' tho/^i, ne/^/'u to/^i chi/.u ngo/^/`i cu/.p xu/,o/,ng so/^/'ng ma/` bo/? da/^/'u chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t ba/v/`ng ta Va/^/.y thi/` no/'i ra la/`m gi/`? A/^/.y, tu/,/` tu/,/` d/^a/~. Co/' lu/,/?a mo/,/'i co/' kho/'i ma/`. So/,/? di/~ to/^i no/'i kho/^ng co/' gia/' tri/. gi/` he/^/'t la/` cu/~ng co/' ca/'i ly/' cu/?a to/^i d/^a/^/'y chu/,/'! Kho/^ng co/' gia/' tri/. gi/` he/^/'t ta/.i vi/` nhu/,/~ng thu/,/' na/`y chi/? xa/`i cho My/~ ma/` tho/^ Tie/^/.n lo/,/.i cho My/~ ma/` tho/^
Nhu/,ng no/' ra/^/'t co/' gia/' tri/. ne/^/'u mi/`nh la/`m d/^u/,o/,/.c cho tie/^/'ng Vie/^/.t, electronic typesetting cho tie/^/'ng Vie/^/.t. Va/^/.y thi/` pha/?i chi/.u kho/' ma/` d/^o/.c tie/^/'p nhu/,/~ng lua/^/.n d/^ie/^/.u mu/` mo/,/` na/`y, sometime technically kho/' hie/^/?u na/` Ma/` tha/^/.t su/,/. kho/^ng co/' gi/` kho/' hie/^/?u d/^a/^ Ma/^/'y o/^ng programmer chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t, ma/^/'y o/^ng "guru" nha/` mi/`nh, d/^a/~ hie/^/?u to/^i no/'i ca/'i gi/` ra/'o tro/.i d/^o/' cho/,/'. D/^i guo/^/'c trong bu/.ng cu/?a to/^i nu/,/~a la/` d/^a/v/`ng kha/'c.
Typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t thi/` cu/~ng d/^a/^u co/' gi/` kho/'. Chu/,/~ vie/^/'t cu/?a mi/`nh cu/~ng co/' ma/^/~u tu/,/. abc ma/`. Kho/' thi/` pha/?i no/'i la/` chu/,/~ Ta/` chu/,/~ Nha/^/.t, nhu/,/~ng thu/,/' chu/,/~ co/' vo/'c gia/'ng cu/?a bu/.i tru/'c, ca/`nh tr Va/^/.y ma/` ngu/,o/,/`i ta co/`n la/`m electronic typesetting d/^u/,o/,/.c nu/,/~a kia, thi/` vie/^/.c cu/?a mi/`nh pha/?i go/.i la/` de/^/~ tho/^ D/^a/~ co/' abc ro/^/`i thi/` chi/? co/`n la/`m na/vm ca/'i da/^/'u: sa/v/'c, huye/^/`n, na/v/.ng, ho/?i, nga/~. La/` xong! La/` xong? Chu/,a xong d/^a/^ vi/` co/`n nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ a/v, a/^, chu/,/~ d/^, chu/,/~ e/^, chu/,/~ o/^, o/,, chu/,/~ u/, thi/` pha/?i la/`m sa A/` ha/', va/^/.y thi/` pha/?i chi/.u kho/' design mo/^/.t chu/,/~ rie/^ng bie/^/.t cho mo/^/~i chu/,/~ na/` Tha/`nh ra na/vm da/^/' ba/?y chu/,/~ mo/,/'i, vi/. chi la/` mu/,o/,/`i hai chu/,/~ pha/?i la/`m ma/` tho/^ De/^/~ qua/'! Ba/v/'t tay va/`o vie/^/.c! La/`m! Xong! D/^e/^/'n lu/'c in ra mo/,/'i tha/^/'y la/` d/^o/.c kho/^ng d/^u/,o/,/.c. La/^/'y thi/' du/. da/^/'u sa/v/'c tho/^ Da/^/'u sa/v/'c na/v/`m tre/^n chu/,/~ a/v, chu/,/~ a/^ pha/?i o/,/? mo/^/.t vi/. tri/' kha/'c vo/,/'i da/^/'u sa/v/'c na/v/`m tre/^n chu/,/~ Hoa/v/.c pha/?i cao ho/,n, hoa/v/.c pha/?i qua be/^n pha/?i mo/^/.t chu/'t. Cu/~ng ra/v/'c ro/^/'i d/^o/' chu/,/'?
Ro/^/'t cuo/^/.c ro/^/`i, to/^i design kho/^ng pha/?i 12 chu/,/~ ma/` la/` 134 chu/,/~, cho ta/^/'t ca/? nhu/~ng chu/,/~ co/' da/^/'u trong tie/^/'ng Vie/^/.t cu/?a mi/`nh. Sa/'u mu/,o/,i ba/?y chu/,/~ thu/,o/,/`ng va/` sa/'u mu/,o/,i ba/?y chu/,/~ ho Nho/,/` ca/'i flexibility cu/?a macro design, ma/` to/^i co/' the/^/? la/`m 134 chu/,/~ co/' da/^/'u Vie/^/.t theo kie/^/?u du/,o/,/'i d/^a/^y:
a a / ' a / ` a /. a /? a / ~a a/' a/` a/. a/? a/~
a /v a /v / ' a /v / ` a /v /. a /v /? a /v / ~a/v a/v/' a/v/` a/v/. a/v/? a/v/~
a /^ a /^ / ' a /^ / ` a /^ /. a /^ /? a /^ / ~a/^ a/^/' a/^/` a/^/. a/^/? a/^/~
e e / ' e / ` e /. e /? e / ~e e/' e/` e/. e/? e/~
e /^ e /^ / ' e /^ / ` e /^ /. e /^ /? e /^ / ~e/^ e/^/' e/^/` e/^/. e/^/? e/^/~
i i / ' i / ` i /. i /? i / ~i i/' i/` i/. i/? i/~
o o / ' o / ` o /. o /? o / ~o o/' o/` o/. o/? o/~
o /^ o /^ / ' o /^ / ` o /^ /. o /^ /? o /^ / ~o/^ o/^/' o/^/` o/^/. o/^/? o/^/~
o /, o /, / ' o /, / ` o /, /. o /, /? o /, / ~o/, o/,/' o/,/` o/,/. o/,/? o/,/~
u u / ' u / ` u /. u /? u / ~u u/' u/` u/. u/? u/~
u /, u /, / ' u /, / ` u /, /. u /, /? u /, / ~u/, u/,/' u/,/` u/,/. u/,/? u/,/~
y y / ' y / ` y /. y /? y / ~y y/' y/` y/. y/? y/~
d /^d/^
A A / ' A / ` A /. A /? A / ~A A/' A/` A/. A/? A/~
A /v A /v / ' A /v / ` A /v /. A /v /? A /v / ~A/v A/v/' A/v/` A/v/. A/v/? A/v/~
A /^ A /^ / ' A /^ / ` A /^ /. A /^ /? A /^ / ~A/^ A/^/' A/^/` A/^/. A/^/? A/^/~
E E / ' E / ` E /. E /? E / ~E E/' E/` E/. E/? E/~
E /^ E /^ / ' E /^ / ` E /^ /. E /^ /? E /^ / ~E/^ E/^/' E/^/` E/^/. E/^/? E/^/~
I I / ' I / ` I /. I /? I / ~I I/' I/` I/. I/? I/~
O O / ' O / ` O /. O /? O / ~O O/' O/` O/. O/? O/~
O /^ O /^ / ' O /^ / ` O /^ /. O /^ /? O /^ / ~O/^ O/^/' O/^/` O/^/. O/^/? O/^/~
O /, O /, / ' O /, / ` O /, /. O /, /? O /, / ~O/, O/,/' O/,/` O/,/. O/,/? O/,/~
U U / ' U / ` U /. U /? U / ~U U/' U/` U/. U/? U/~
U /, U /, / ' U /, / ` U /, /. U /, /? U /, / ~U/, U/,/' U/,/` U/,/. U/,/? U/,/~
Y Y / ' Y / ` Y /. Y /? Y / ~Y Y/' Y/` Y/. Y/? Y/~
D /^D/^
O/,/? co/^/.t be/^n tra/'i, ca/'ch thu/,/'c input nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ co/' da/^/'u cho tha/^/'y co/' pha/^/`n da/`i do/`ng va/` kho/' d/^o/.c. Tuy nhie/^n cu/~ng co/' ca/'ch gia/?i quye/^/'t. Da/`i do/`ng thi/` tha/^/.t ra kho/^ng da/`i do/`ng d/^a/^u vi/` terminal na/`o cu/~ng co/' nhu/,/~ng system hoa/v/.c user pf keys. Cu/,/' program 8 ca/'i keys na/`y tha/`nh 8 da/^/'u ca/^/`n thie/^/'t. Da/^/'u thu/,/' nha/^/'t /v cho chu/,/~ a/v (da/^/'u a/v). Da/^/'u thu/,/' nhi/` /^ cho chu/,/~ a/^ (da/^/'u a/^) va/` chu/,/~ d/^ (da/^/'u d/^). Da/^/'u thu/,/' ba /, cho chu/,/~ o/, va/` chu/,/~ u/, ( da/^/'u u/,). Co/`n na/vm da/^/'u co/`n la/.i la/` / ' (sa/v/'c), / ` (huye/^/`n), /. (na/v/.ng), /? (ho/?i), va/` / ~ (nga/~). Nhu/, va/^/.y khi input nhu/,/~ng da/^/'u na/`y, input operator cu/~ng chi/? ca/^/`n go/~ mo/^/.t stroke ma/` tho/^ Co/`n kho/' d/^o/.c thi/` chi/.
O/,/? co/^/.t be/^n pha/?i, output cu/?a nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ co/' da/^/'u na/`y cu/~ng pha/?i tra/?i qua va/`i "giai d/^oa/.n kha/^/?n tru/,o/,ng" mo/,/'i co/' d/^u/,o/,/.c ca/'i nhi/`n de/^/~ coi nhu/, va/^/. Tru/,o/,/'c he/^/'t pha/?i convert nhu/,/~ng input cu/?a nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ co/' da/^/'u o/,/? co/^/.t be/^n tra/'i tha/`nh nhu/,/~ng troff string d/^e/^/? troff bie/^/'t lu/'c na/`o thi/` process chu/,/~ na/` da/^/'u na/` Ke/^/' d/^o/', troff chi/'nh no/' cu/~ng pha/?i bi/. modified tha/`nh ditroff, device independent troff. Sau cu/`ng, output cu/?a device independent troff la/.i d/^u/,o/,/.c mo/^/.t la/^/`n nu/,/~a convert tha/`nh PostScript output cho thi/'ch ho/,/.p vo/,/'i laser printer ma/` mi/`nh muo/^/'n xa/`i: Apple LaserWriter, QMS..., cha/v/?ng ha/.n. PostScript languag La/.i pha/?i ho/.c the/^m, no/'i the/^m mo/^/.t thu/,/' computer language nu/,/~ Da/`i do/`ng, lo/^i tho/^i qua/' ro/^/` Tho/^i, cho to/^i xin ngu/,/`ng la/.i no/,i d/^a/^
Qua pha/^/`n tre/^n, ca/'c ba/.n d/^a/~ hie/^/?u the/^/' na/`o la/` phu/,o/,ng pha/'p "la/`m d/^e/.p" cu/?a to/^ To/^i ra/^/'t mong mo/?i d/^u/,o/,/.c tie/^/'p nha/^/.n nhu/,/~ng y/' kie/^/'n xa/^y du/,/.ng cu/?a ta/^/'t ca/? ca/'c ba/.n. Va/` to/^i cu/~ng ra/^/'t mong mo/?i d/^u/,o/,/.c ti/`m hie/^/?u the/^m nhu/,/~ng phu/,o/,ng pha/'p "la/`m d/^e/.p" cu/?a ca/'c ba/.n trong nghe/^/`. La/`m d/^e/.p cho chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t, theo to/^i va/^/~n la/` nhie/^/.m vu/. chung cu/?a ta/^/'t ca/? mo/.i ngu/,o/,/`i da/^n Vie/^/.t. Bie/^/'t d/^a/^u co/' mo/^/.t nga/`y na/`o d/^o/' chu/'ng ta se/~ ti/`m d/^u/,o/,/.c mo/^/.t phu/,o/,ng pha/'p ma/` sau na/`y co/' the/^/? go/.i la/` mo/^/.t standard, mo/^/.t "mu/`a xua/^n" cho electronic typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t va/^/. .bp
02. LA/.I LA/`M D/^E/.P
NGUYN TN HNG
La/.i la/`m d/^e/.p? U/,/`a, d/^u/'ng nhu/, va/^/.y! Ba/.n pha/?i bie/^/'t chuye/^/.n tie/^/'p tu/.c la/`m d/^e/.p va/` la/`m d/^e/.p ma/~i la/` chuye/^/.n di/~ nhie/^n. Hie/^/?n nhie/^n nhu/, con ga/'i sau tuo/^/?i da/^/.y thi/` thi/` pha/?i tro/^/? ma/?. Tre/^n co/~i d/^o/,/`i na/`y tha/`nh tha/^/.t ma/` no/'i cha/v/?ng ai muo/^/'n mi/`nh xa/^/'u bao gio/,/`. Ho/,n nu/,/~a, ba/`i to/^i vie/^/'t tru/,o/,/'c d/^a/^y o/^ng d/^ie/^/`u ha/`nh chung Nguye/^/~n Mo/^/.ng Gia/'c chi/.u qua/' thi/` ba/?o sao to/^i kho/^ng thu/,/`a tha/v/'ng xo/^ng le/^n! A/`, ma/` cho ho/?i la/.i ca/^u na/`y: Co/' bie/^/'t va/^/'n d/^e/^/` la/`m d/^e/.p o/,/? d/^a/^y la/` chuye/^/.n gi/` ho/^n? Bie/^/'t ra/`nh sa/'u ca/^u ha/?? Bie/^/'t ra/`nh thi/` tho/^i, tu/,o/,/?ng ne/^/'u lo/,/~ kho/^ng bie/^/'t thi/` la/`m o/,n d/^i ti/`m cuo/^/'n Va/vn Ho/.c so/^/' Ta/^n nie/^n 88 ma/` d/^o/.c tru/,o/,/'c d/^ Cho ro/~ d/^a/^u d/^uo/^ Cho/,/' khi kho/^ng ma/` nha/`o vo/^ ngang xu/,o/,ng khoa/?ng na/`y e ho/,i ba/^/'t tie/^/.n la/v/'m d/^..
Tu/,/` lu/'c to/^i tri/`nh ba/`y phu/,o/,ng pha/'p la/`m d/^e/.p cu/?a to/^i tre/^n Va/vn Ho/.c cho d/^e/^/'n nay cu/~ng d/^a/~ ma/^/'y tha/'ng qua, va/^/.y ma/` to/^i cha/v/?ng tha/^/'y ai ba/`n ba/.c d/^e/^/'m xi/?a gi/` to/,/'i he/^/'t to/^i cu/~ng buo/^/`n. Ro/^/`i to/^i nghi/~ cha/v/'c ta/.i vi/` mi/`nh mu/'a ri/`u qua ma/v/'t tho/,/.? Co/' le/~ nhu/, va/^/.y! Nhu/,ng, ne/^/'u tha/^/.t pha/?i nhu/, va/^/.y thi/` to/^i ca/^/`n pha/?i mu/'a tie/^/'p, mu/'a cho to/,/'i khi na/`o mi/`nh tha/`nh tho/,/. mo/,/'i tho/^ Chi/? nga/.i mo/^/.t d/^ie/^/`u la/` pha/?i mu/'a mo/^/.t mi/`nh, d/^o/^/.c die/^/~n mo/^/.t mi/`nh. Ma/` tha/^y ke/^/., nga/`y xu/,a to/^/?ng tho/^/'ng Thie/^/.u d/^o/^/.c die/^/~n mo/^/.t mi/`nh d/^o/' thi/` co/' che/^/'t the/^m tha/v/`ng Ta/^y tha/v/`ng My/~ na/`o d/^a/^ No/'i va/^/.y cho/,/' ai ma/` bie/^/'t co/' bao nhie/^u ngu/,o/,/`i cu/~ng d/^ang d/^o/^/.c die/^/~n nhu/, to/^i, chi/? kha/'c mo/^/.t d/^ie/^/?m la/` to/^i mu/'a ga/^/.y vu/,o/,/`n hoang du/,o/,/'i a/'nh sa/'ng tra/vng co/`n ho/. d/^ang ma/`i gu/,o/,m trong bo/'ng to/^/'
Kho/^ng bie/^/'t nha/` in cu/?a ba/'o Va/vn Ho/.c co/' du/.ng y/' gi/` hay kho/^ng ma/` d/^a/vng mo/^/.t d/^oa/.n tri/'ch trong truye/^/.n da/`i Muo/^n Kie/^/'p Co/^ Lie/^u cu/?a Mai Kim Ngo/.c ca/.nh ba/`i la/`m d/^e/.p cu/?a to/^ D/^o/', lo/^/'i xe/^/'p chu/,/~ cu/?a ba/`i na/`y cu/~ng d/^a/^u pha/?i la/` lo/^/'i xe/^/'p chu/,/~ cu/?a nha/` Va/vn Ho/.c! A/^u cu/~ng la/` mo/^/.t phu/,o/,ng pha/'p la/`m d/^e/.p. Nhi/`n ky/~ la/.i ne/^/'u d/^em so vo/,/'i ma/^/~u chu/,/~ chung cu/?a ca/'c nha/` in d/^ang xa/`i thi/` kho/^ng d/^e/.p ba/v/`ng, nhu/,ng so vo/,/'i ma/^/~u chu/,/~ cu/?a to/^i thi/` co/' pha/^/`n kha/' ho/,n. Nhu/,ng to/^i pha/?i no/'i hai ma/^/~u chu/,/~ la/`m d/^e/.p na/`y ba/^/'t qua/' cu/~ng chi/? la/` nhu/,/~ng vo/~ si/~ xua/^/'t pha/'t tu/,/` lo/` Ta/'m Lu/,/., Huy/`nh Tie/^/`n ma/` tho/^i cho/,/' kho/^ng pha/?i tu/,/` chu/`a Thie/^/'u La/^m.
Ro/^/`i to/^i nghi/~ ra/v/`ng kho/^ng rie/^ng gi/` ngu/,o/,/`i ho/.c tro/` mo/,/'i ca/?m tha/^/'y mi/`nh d/^ang bo/,i trong do/`ng nu/,o/,/'c ngu/,o/,/.c, ma/` pha/`m la/`m ba/^/'t cu/,/' vie/^/.c gi/` ai ai cu/~ng va/^/.y ne/^/'u d/^u/,/'ng la/.i la/` thu/.t lu/` Bo/,/?i va/^/.y to/^i cu/~ng co/^/' ga/v/'ng nghie/^n cu/,/'u the/^m ti/`m hie/^/?u the/^m, nha/v/`m la/`m d/^e/.p the/^m kie/^/?u xe/^/'p chu/,/~ cu/?a to/^ Ma/v/.c du/` nhu/, to/^i d/^a/~ no/'i o/,/? la/^/`n tru/,o/,/'c to/^i kho/^ng pha/?i la/` mo/^/.t programmer chuye/^n nghie/^/.p. Ba/^y gio/,/` ca/'c ba/.n d/^ang d/^o/.c nhu/,/~ng do/`ng na/`y, nhu/,/~ng do/`ng chu/,/~ cu/~ng kho/^ng do nha/` Va/vn Ho/.c xe/^/'p chu/,/~. Nhu/,ng pha/?i no/'i la/^/`n na/`y lo/^/'i xe/^/'p chu/,/~ co/' pha/^/`n gio/^/'ng ma/^/~u chu/,/~ chung cu/?a ca/'c ba/'o nhie/^/`u ho/,n so vo/,/'i la/^/`n tru/,o/,/'c.
No/'i ma/` nghe cho/,i tha/^/.t ra ca/'c ba/.n chi/? tha/^/'y thoa/'ng qua su/,/. kha/'c bie/^/.t be/^n ngoa/`i cho/,/' chu/,a cha/v/'c d/^a/~ ro/~ to/^i su/,/?a chu/,/~a ca/'i gi/`, cho/^/~ na/`o o/,/? be/^n trong pha/?i ho/^n? O/^/'i, ai o/,/? kho/^ng ma/` d/^i d/^e/^/? y/', tha/v/'c ma/v/'c nhu/,/~ng thu/,/' li/?nh ki/?nh d/^o/'! Ba/`y d/^a/v/.c ho/?i to/,/'i ho/?i lui cho ma/^/'t thi/` gio/,/`! Va/v/'n ta/v/'t tho/^i ma/`. D/^a/^y, du/,o/,/'i d/^a/^y la/` nhu/,/~ng gi/` to/^i d/^a/~ la/`m, d/^a/~ improve .
Ne/`, tru/,o/,/'c he/^/'t la/` chu/,/~ Ha ha, d/^a/^u co/' ai ngo/,/` ra/v/`ng theo tie/^u chua/^/?n chu/,/~ in thi/` nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ i/', i/`, i/?, va/` i/~ la/` nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ i kho/^ng co/' cha/^/'m i tre/^n d/^a/^/` Nhi/`n ky/~ d/^ Ky/` la/. ho/^n. Ho/.c tu/,/` lo/,/'p d/^o/^/`ng a/^/'u ho/.c le/^n, cho d/^e/^/'n ban tu/' ta/`i, ban cu/,/? nha/^n, ban cao ho/.c cha/v/?ng co/' tha/^/`y co/^ na/`o no/'i to/,/'i chu/,/~ i cu/`i cu/.t na/`y he/^/'t. Do/,/? sa/'ch ra xem la/.i mo/,/'i bie/^/'t chu/,/~ i cu/`i cu/.t d/^o/' co/' na/v/`m trong so/^/? sinh va/` d/^u/,o/,/.c My/~ d/^a/v/.t te/^n la/` dotless i . Va/^/.y thi/` cho/,/` d/^o/,/.i gi/` nu/,/~a, to/'m co/^/? no/' ma/` qua/vng va/`o no/^/`i typesetting .
Ke/^/' d/^e/^/'n la/` chu/,/~ o/,, chu/,/~ u/,. Tru/,o/,/'c d/^a/^y to/^i la/^/'y da/^/'u ' la/`m da/^/'u o/,, da/^/'u u/, vi/` tha/^/.t ra da/^/'u o/,, da/^/'u u/, kho/^ng co/' trong ca/'c ma/^/~u chu/,/~ la/`m sa/v/~n cu/?a ma/'y laser printer to/^i d/^ang xa/` Coi cu/~ng ta/.m ta/.m tho/^i ne/^/'u kho/^ng no/,/~ che/^ la/` xa/^/' Nhu/, va/^/.y da/^/'u o/,, da/^/'u u/, ma/` ca/'c nha/` xe/^/'p chu/,/~ thu/,/' thie/^/.t d/^a/~ xu/,/? du/.ng la/` tu/,/` d/^a/^u ma/` co/'? Xin thu/,a, to/^i cu/~ng kho/^ng bie/^/'t. Co/' le/~ ho/. ve/~ la/^/'y hoa/v/.c ho/. mua printer loa/.i d/^a/v/.c bie/^/.t? Ro/^/`i to/^i nga/^/~m nghi/~ hay la/` mi/`nh pha/?i xa/`i ca/'i d/^uo/^i lo/`ng tho/`ng cu/?a chu/,/~ c ma/` My/~ go/.i la/` cedilla . C cedilla thi/` chi/? co/' trong tie/^/'ng Ta/^y, tie/^/'ng Ta/^y Ban Nha, tie/^/'ng gi/` gi/`... La/`m thu/,/? d/^ To/^i be/`n la/^/.t ngu/,o/,/.c no/' qua be/^n tra/'i, quay vo/`ng vo/`ng the/^m mo/^/.t go/'c d/^o/^/., va/` na/^ng no/' cao le/^n mo/^/.t chu/'t cha/^/'m ngay bo/'c va/`o chu/,/~ o/,, chu/,/~ u/,. Xong, de/^/~ nhu/, tro/,/? ba/`n ta
D/^e/^/'n da/^/'u ho/?i cu/~ng va/^/.y, tru/,o/,/'c d/^a/^y no/' va/` da/^/'u o/,, da/^/'u u/, chi/? la/` mo/^/.t. Nhu/,ng kha/'c nhau la/` o/,/? cho/^/~ d/^u/,/'ng. Cu/`ng xua/^/'t tha/^n tu/,/` mo/^/.t gia d/^i/`nh ba/^/`n co/^/' no/^ng ne/^n ke/^/? nhu/, la/` hai chi/. em sinh d/^o/^ Vo/,/'i kha/? na/vng mo/,/'i cu/?a to/^i, to/^i d/^a/~ sa/v/'m su/,/?a cho co/^ chi/. no/^/?i thi/` chuye/^/.n sa/v/'m su/,/?a cho co/^ em cu/~ng pha/?i xong. Nhu/,ng d/^e/^/? de/^/~ pha/^n bie/^/.t d/^u/,/'a na/`o chi/. d/^u/,/'a na/`o em to/^i pha/?i mua kha/'c ma/v/.t ha/`ng, kha/'c material . To/^i d/^a/~ sa/v/'m cho co/^ chi/. bo/^/. d/^o/^/` soie la/`m ba/v/`ng cha/^/'t cedilla thi/` to/^i pha/?i sa/v/'m cho co/^ em bo/^/. d/^o/^/` mousseline la/`m ba/v/`ng cha/^/'t ogoneck . Te/^n ogoneck na/`y cu/~ng chi/? ti/`m tha/^/'y trong so/^/? sinh, bo/^/. My/~ ma/` tho/^ Kho/^ng bie/^/'t ogoneck xua/^/'t hie/^/.n trong thu/,/' tie/^/'ng na/` A/^/'n D/^o/^/. hay la/` A/? Ra/^/.p? Cu/~ng nhu/, cedilla , to/^i la/^/.t ogoneck sang tra/'i, quay vo/`ng vo/`ng the/^m mo/^/.t go/'c d/^o/^/., va/` na/^ng no/' le/^n cao thie/^/.t cao cha/^/'m d/^u/'ng va/`o vi/. tri/' da/^/'u ho/? Xong, de/^/~ nhu/, phu/?i hai ta
Sau he/^/'t la/` to/^i xa/`i loa/.i chu/,/~ kha/'c, family font kha/'c co/' te/^n la/` New Century School Book thay vi/` Times Roman nhu/, la/^/`n tru/,o/,/'c. Mu/.c d/^i/'ch la/` la/`m cho ne/'t chu/,/~ no/' da/~n ra, ro/,/`i ra d/^e/^/? de/^/~ d/^o/.c ho/,n.
Na/~y gio/,/` la/` pha/^/`n to/^i la/`m d/^e/.p cho to/^i, bo/^/? tu/'c cho to/^i ne/^n to/^i bi/. ba/v/'t buo/^/.c pha/?i ba/`y to/? va/v/'n ta/v/'t. Chi/? co/' va/^/.y tho/^i ba/` con. No/'i ca/'i to/^i nhie/^/`u qua/' ai ma/` u/,a cho no/^/? Nhu/,ng ba/^y gio/,/` thi/` d/^e/^/'n lu/'c to/^i pha/?i da/`i do/`ng ra vi/` sau d/^a/^y la/` pha/^/`n to/^i la/`m d/^e/.p cho thie/^n ha/., bo/^/? tu/'c cho thie/^n ha/.. Kho/^ng la/`m d/^e/.p cho thie/^n ha/. thi/` thie/^n ha/. d/^a/^u co/' ra/?nh ma/` d/^o/.c nhu/,/~ng chuye/^/.n qua/'i d/^a/?n nhu/, the/^/' na/`
Ga/^/`n mu/,/.c thi/` d/^en ga/^/`n d/^e/`n thi/` sa/'ng , ai cu/~ng bie/^/'t d/^ie/^/`u d/^o/'. Nhu/,ng chuye/^/.n bie/^/'t d/^u/,o/,/.c ai la/` mu/,/.c ai la/` d/^e/`n mo/,/'i la/` d/^ie/^/`u d/^a/'ng no/'i, d/^a/'ng ba/`n. My/~ la/` d/^e/`n co/`n Vie/^/.t Nam la/` mu/,/.c? D/^a/^u co/' d/^u/,o/,/.c. Li/.ch su/,/? the/^/' gio/,/'i ghi nha/^/.n ra/v/`ng do/`ng do/~i Tie/^n Ro/^/`ng co/' ho/,n bo/^/'n nga/`n na/vm va/vn hie/^/'n trong khi do/`ng do/~i Ho/,/.p Chu/?ng ta/.p nha/.p na/`y chi/? co/' tre/^n du/,o/,/'i hai tra/vm na/vm ma/` tho/^ My/~ kho/^ng pha/?i d/^e/`n la/` ca/'i cha/v/'c. Va/^/.y thi/` ga/^/`n mu/,/.c thi/` d/^en, ga/^/`n My/~ lai My/~. He/^, lai My/~ chuye/^/.n gi/` thi/` d/^u/,o/,/.c cho/,/' lai My/~ ve/^/` va/^/'n d/^e/^/` chu/,/~ nghi/~a, va/vn chu/,o/,ng thi/` chi/? la/`m co/^ng da/~ tra/`ng ma/` tho/^ Va/vn chu/,o/,ng lai ca/vng? D/^a/.i kha/'i d/^o/' la/` lo/,/`i phe/^ bi/`nh, ca/?nh gia/'c cu/?a nha/` d/^ie/^/?m sa/'ch Thu/.y Khue/^ da/`nh cho ta/^/'t ca/? ca/'c o/^ng ba/` nha/` va/vn be/^n My/~, qua ba/`i "D/^o/.c Xu/,/' Sa/^/'m Se/'t cu/?a Vo/~ D/^i/`nh."
Na/~y gio/,/` to/^i bie/^/'t to/^i chu/,a lai My/~. Ta/.i vi/` to/^i pha/?i no/'i vo/`ng vo tam quo/^/'c na/vm d/^ie/^/`u bo/^/'n chuye/^/.n theo kie/^/?u nghi/. lua/^/.n lua/^n ly/', nghi/. lua/^/.n va/vn chu/,o/,ng nhu/, ho/^/`i na/`o tha/^/`y co/^ da/.y Vie/^/.t va/vn d/^a/~ da/.y, d/^e/^/? ro/^/`i sau cu/`ng mo/,/'i d/^i d/^e/^/'n ke/^/'t lua/^/.n. Ke/^/'t lua/^/.n la/` ca/'i go/^/'c cu/?a ca/^u chuye/^/.n. Nha/^/.p d/^e/^/`, tha/^n ba/`i chi/? la/` pha/^/`n do/.n d/^u/,o/,/`ng d/^e/^/? cho ngu/,o/,/`i d/^o/.c ghi nha/^/.n nhu/,/~ng ti/`nh ly/' gay ca/^/'n, nhu/,/~ng bie/^/.n lua/^/.n cu/?a nha/^n va/^/.t, nhu/,/~ng a/^n oa/'n giang ho/^/`... v.v. cho/,/` cho d/^e/^/'n ca/'i ke/^/'t lua/^/.n ngu/,o/,/`i d/^o/.c mo/,/'i tha/^/'y ta/^m ho/^/`n ra/.t ra/`o bo/^/`i ho/^/`i rung d/^o/^/.ng bo/,/?i ngu/. y/' sa/^u xa cu/?a ta/'c gia/?. To/'m la/.i, ca/'ch ha/`nh va/vn ca/vn ba/?n cu/?a ngu/,o/,/`i mi/`nh no/'i rie/^ng, hay cu/?a ngu/,o/,/`i D/^o/^ng phu/,o/,ng no/'i chung la/` nhu/, va/^/.
Qua be/^n na/`y ta/^/.p te/^/~nh d/^i ho/.c tie/^/'ng My/~, composition ro/^/`i literature , mo/,/'i tha/^/'y ca/'ch ha/`nh va/vn cu/?a ngu/,o/,/`i Ta/^y phu/,o/,ng d/^i ngu/,o/,/.c la/.i vo/,/'i d/^u/,o/,/`ng lo/^/'i cu/?a mi/`nh. Pha/?i no/'i ca/'i ke/^/'t lua/^/.n tru/,o/,/'c, ca/'i main idea tru/,o/,/'c, ro/^/`i tu/,/` d/^o/' mo/,/'i khai trie/^/?n ra nhu/,/~ng chi tie/^/'t lo/,/'n, chi tie/^/'t nho/? support cho d/^e/^/` ta/` Vie/^/'t theo kie/^/?u cu/?a mi/`nh co/^ tha/^/`y gia/'o My/~ ba/?o ra/v/`ng: Tao cha/v/?ng hie/^/?u ma/`y muo/^/'n no/'i gi/`, ta/.i sao ma/`y kho/^ng d/^em ca/^u cuo/^/'i main idea na/`y le/^n la/`m ca/^u thu/,/' nha/^/'t. Ky/` cu/.c ho/^n? Ca/'i mu/.c d/^i/'ch cu/?a mi/`nh la/` u/'p u/'p mo/,/? mo/,/? d/^e/^/? cho ngu/,o/,/`i d/^o/.c no/^n no/'ng, d/^o/,/.i cho/,/`, hu/.t ha/^/~ng the/^/' ma/` ba/?o d/^em ra no/'i he/^/'t cho ngu/,o/,/`i ta bie/^/'t tru/,o/,/'c thi/` ai ma/` the/`m d/^o/.c the/^m la/`m chi nu/,/~a cho me/^/.t.
Coi va/^/.y cho/,/' kho/^ng pha/?i va/^/.y, ca/'ch ha/`nh va/vn na/`o cu/~ng co/' ca/'i hay cu/?a no/'. Ne/`, d/^e/^/? ba/^y gio/,/` to/^i ba/v/'t d/^a/^/`u lai My/~ cho ma/` xem. Kho/^ng d/^e/^/'n no/^/~i do/,/? d/^a/^ kho/^ng d/^e/^/'n no/^/~i ga/^/'p sa/'ch ne/'m vo/^ go/'c giu/,o/,/`ng d/^a/^ D/^a/^y, mu/.c d/^i/'ch cu/?a to/^i la/`m d/^e/.p cho thie/^n ha/. la/^/`n na/`y chi/? nha/v/`m va/`o hai va/^/'n d/^e/^/`: hie/^/.u na/vng cu/?a postscript language va/` su/,/. ca/^/`n cu/?a proof reading .
To/^i la/.i d/^a/.p cu/,/'t ma/^/'y o/^ng nha/` va/vn o/,/? My/~ ro/^/` The/^/' na/`o cu/~ng bi/. nhu/,/~ng ngu/,o/,/`i d/^o/.c o/,/? Pha/'p, o/,/? D/^u/,/'c, o/,/? Bi/?, o/,/? Ho/`a Lan..., no/'i to/'m la/.i la/` o/,/? A/^u Cha/^u ba/?o la/` la/`m co/^ng da/~ tra/`ng. Ngoa/.i tru/,/` ma/^/'y o/^ng nha/` va/vn de/^/~ ta/'nh Ho/^/` Tru/,o/,/`ng An, Kie/^/.t Ta/^/'n, The/^/' Giang, Ngo/^ Nguye/^n Du/~ng... Vi/` ma/^/'y o/^ng na/`y ngoa/`i tie/^/'ng My/~ co/`n co/' ta/^/.t la/^u la/^u che/^m vo/^ tie/^/'ng Ta/^y, tie/^/'ng D/^u/,/'c, tie/^/'ng Y/' nu/,/~ A/`, ma/` hi/`nh nhu/, ma/^/'y nha/` va/vn be/^n My/~ na/`y he/^/~ ca/`ng lo/,/'n thi/` ca/`ng xo/^/? tie/^/'ng My/~ ho/,i nhie/^/`u thi/` pha/? D/^a/.p cu/,/'t? To/^/.i qua/'! Nhu/,ng cha/v/?ng le/~ mo/^/~i la/^/`n d/^a/.p cu/,/'t la/` mo/^/~i la/^/`n cha/v/.t chu/,n? Tha/` la/` d/^e/^/? d/^o/^/.c gia/? chi/.u kho/' que/` qua/v/.c ho/,n la/` mi/`nh bi/. que/` qua/v/.c. Ta/'c gia/? vie/^/'t que/` qua/v/.c thi/` ai ma/` d/^o/.c pha/?i ho/^n? Kho/' qua/', nhie/^/`u lu/'c muo/^/'n di/.ch ra tie/^/'ng Vie/^/.t nhu/,ng kho/^ng bie/^/'t pha/?i di/.ch sao cho no/' d/^u/? ho/^/`n. Well , ma/^/'y chuye/^/.n lo/,/'n na/`y ne/^n d/^e/^/? ma/^/'y nga/`i vie/^/'t lo/,/'n gia/?i quye/^/'t va/^/.
Ba/^y gio/,/` tro/,/? la/.i va/^/'n d/^e/^/` la/`m d/^e/.p. Trong ba/`i tru/,o/,/'c vi/` pha/?i da/`i do/`ng gia/?i thi/'ch troff qua ca/'c tie/^/'t mu/.c font, point size, layout , va/` mm-macro ne/^n to/^i d/^a/~ bo/? lu/,/?ng pha/^/`n postscript language . Chi/? so/,/. d/^o/^/.c gia/? buo/^/`n ngu/? qua/' d/^i tho/^ Tha/^/.t ra tha/`nh qua/? typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t cu/?a to/^i pha/?i ke/^/? la/` co/^ng tri/`nh na/vm mu/,o/,i na/vm mu/,o/,i, half and half , cu/?a ca/? hai: troff va/` postscript .
PostScript (rg , ne/^/'u muo/^/'n vie/^/'t thie/^/.t tru/'ng pha/?i co/' chu/,/~ S hoa o/,/? giu/,/~a, la/` mo/^/.t page description language thu/,o/,/`ng d/^u/,o/,/.c go/.i ta/v/'t la/` PDL , nay d/^a/~ tha/`nh mo/^/.t standard trong ky/~ nghe/^/. printing cu/?a My/~. Chi/? trong mo/^/.t tho/,/`i gian ra/^/'t nga/v/'n, na/vm sa/'u na/vm gi/` d/^o/', tu/,/` na/vm 1982 cho d/^e/^/'n ga/^/`n d/^a/^ Va/^/.y ma/` ba/^y gio/,/` ca/'c ma/'y laser printer cu/?a ca/'c ha/~ng Agfa-Gevaert, Apollo Computer Inc., Apple Computer Inc., Dataproducts Corp., Diconix, Digital Equipment Corp., IBM, Qume Corporation, The Laser Connection, Linotype Company, NEC Information Systems, NBI Inc., QMS Inc., Texas Intruments, Varityper, va/` Wang Laboratories Inc. d/^e/^/`u co/' ga/v/'n postscript interpreter board .
Ta/.i sao co/' hie/^/.n tu/,o/,/.ng ky/` la/. na/` Ta/.i vi/` vie/^/'t program ba/v/`ng postscript language ra/^/'t la/` d/^o/,n gia/?n, theo to/^i nghi/~. To/^i la/.i thi/'ch no/' vi/` no/' ga/^/`n ga/^/`n vo/,/'i toa/'n ho/.c. Ca/'c ba/.n cu/,/' tu/,o/,/?ng tu/,o/,/.ng nhu/, mo/^/.t trang gia/^/'y tra/v/'ng d/^ang mo/,/? ra d/^e/^/? chua/^/?n bi/. cho mo/^/.t bu/,/'c thu/, ti/`nh. Go/'c du/,o/,/'i phi/'a be/^n tra/'i d/^u/,o/,/.c coi go/^/'c cu/?a tru/.c to/.a d/^o/^/., origin . To/.a d/^o/^/. cu/?a d/^ie/^/?m go/^/'c la/` 0 0, x=0 va y=0. Tru/.c hoa/`nh d/^o/^/. la/` be/^/` ngang cu/?a to/,/` gia/^/'y, tho/^ng thu/,o/,/`ng la/` 8 inch ru/,o/,/~ Tru/.c tung d/^o/^/. la/` chie/^/`u d/^u/,/'ng cu/?a to/,/` gia/^/'y, tho/^ng thu/,o/,/`ng cu/~ng chi/? 11 inch cha/v/?n. Mo/^/~i inch d/^u/,o/,/.c chia nho/? ra la/`m 72 pha/^/`n go/.i la/` point . Nhu/, va/^/.y bu/,/'c thu/, ti/`nh co/' 612 point chie/^/`u ngang 792 point chie/^/`u ca Ba/^y gio/,/` thi/` pha/?i d/^e/^/? cho ma/^/'y anh d/^e/^/` lo/^, trinh sa/'t vie/^/'t thu/, ti/`nh vi/` ma/^/'y anh na/`y cha/^/'m to/.a d/^o/^/. ra/^/'t vu/,/~ng. Tuy nhie/^n vo/,/'i postscript language ca/'c anh a/^/'y chi/? ca/^/`n mang theo co/' mo/^/~i mo/^/.t command du/,o/,/'i d/^a/^y la/` d/^u/?:
x y moveto
Muo/^/'n d/^i d/^a/^u thi/` d/^i chi/? ca/^/`n cho bie/^/'t hai so/^/' x va/` y, 100 200 moveto cha/v/?ng ha/.n. The/^m mo/^/.t thi/' du/. nu/,/~a nhu/, tu/,/` d/^ie/^/?m go/^/'c d/^i to/,/'i ba go/'c kia theo chie/^/`u ngu/,o/,/.c chie/^/`u kim d/^o/^/`ng ho/^/` thi/` chi/? ca/^/`n 612 0 moveto la/` d/^i ve/^/` go/'c du/,o/,/'i be/^n pha/?i, 612 792 moveto la/` d/^i le/^n go/'c tre/^n be/^n pha/?i, 0 792 moveto la/` go/'c tre/^n be/^n tra/' Va/` 0 0 moveto la/` tro/,/? ve/^/` cu/,/' d/^ie/^/?m. Tu/,/` moveto d/^e/? ra rmoveto tu/,/'c la/` relative move to , cu/~ng kho/^ng kho/' gi/` cho la/v/'m. Ro/^/`i bo/,/?i co/' rmoveto cho ne/^n moveto co/`n d/^u/,o/,/.c go/.i la/` absolute moveto .
Nho/,/` x y moveto command ma/` qua/^n ba/.n chie/^/'m d/^u/,o/,/.c mu/.c tie/^ Chie/^/'m d/^u/,o/,/.c mu/.c tie/^u xong kho/^ng pha/?i la/` qua/^n ba/.n muo/^/'n la/`m gi/` thi/` la/`m tre/^n bu/,/'c thu/, ti/`nh na/`y d/^a/^u nh Chi/? d/^u/,o/,/.c phe/'p la/`m ba vie/^/.c ma/` tho/^i: mo/^/.t la/` ca/^/'t nha/` in in chu/,/~, hai la/` du/,/.ng xu/,o/,/?ng ve/~ ve/~ tranh, va/` ba la/` la/^/.p tie/^/.m chu/.p chu/.p hi/`nh. Ma/` nghi/~ la/.i coi ngoa/`i text, draw va/` image thi/` nhu/,/~ng ngu/,o/,/`i trong nghe/^/` electronic typesetting d/^a/^u ai ca/^/`n the/^m gi/` nu/,/~ No/'i xin lo/^/~i, to/^i pha/?i ta/.m bo/? qua ca/'i nghe/^/` ca/v/'t da/'n truye/^/`n kie/^/'p. D/^a/^y, tru/,o/,/'c tie/^n to/^i no/'i qua ve/^/` text :
(ABC) show
D/^o/', co/^ng vie/^/.c la/^/.p nha/` in in chu/,/~ ABC de/^/~ da/`ng nhu/, va/^/. Chi/? ca/^/`n vie/^/'t 2 ha/`ng command no/'i tre/^n ro/^/`i gu/,/?i to/,/'i ca/'i laser printer, electronically , thi/` ca/'c ba/.n se/~ co/' bu/,/'c thu/, ti/`nh ABC nhu/, y/' muo/^/'n. Ke/^/' d/^e/^/'n la/` va/^/'n d/^e/^/` draw :
x1 y1 moveto
x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 curve
Co/^ng vie/^/.c la/^/.p xu/,o/,/?ng ve/~ ve/~ mo/^/.t d/^u/,o/,/`ng cong Be/'zier ro/^/`i cu/~ng de/^/~ hie/^/?u tho/^ Phu/,o/,ng pha/'p Be/'zier d/^a/.i kha/'i co/' the/^/? pha/'t bie/^/?u nhu/, sau: tu/,/` hai d/^ie/^/?m cho sa/v/~n ngu/,o/,/`i ta co/' the/^/? ve/~ mo/^/.t d/^u/,o/,/`ng cong ma/` vi/. tri/' cu/?a no/' d/^u/,o/,/.c xa/'c d/^i/.nh bo/,/?i hai d/^ie/^/?m kha/'c na/v/`m be/^n ngoa/`
Theo thi/' du/. tre/^n, ne/^/'u ta no/^/'i bo/^/'n d/^ie/^/?m tu/,/` x1 y1 d/^e/^/'n x2 y2, ro/^/`i x2 y2 d/^e/^/'n x3 y3, va/` x3 y3 d/^e/^/'n x4 y4 thi/` ta co/' mo/^/.t chu/,/~ C vuo/^ng ca/.nh. D/^o/^/`ng y/' kho/^ng? Ne/^/'u ta no/^/'i d/^ie/^/?m x1 y1 vo/,/'i nhu/,/~ng trung d/^ie/^/?m cu/?a nhu/,/~ng ca/.nh a/^/'y va/` d/^ie/^/?m x4 y4 thi/` ta co/' mo/^/.t chu/,/~ C ho/,i tro/`n tro/`n. D/^o/^/`ng y/' kho/^ng? He/^/~ no/^/'i hai trung d/^ie/^/?m thi/` d/^e/? ra d/^u/,o/,/.c mo/^/.t ca/'i ca/.nh mo/,/'i, ro/^/`i cu/,/' la/^/.p d/^i la/^/.p la/.i d/^o/^/.ng ta/'c no/^/'i nhu/,/~ng trung d/^ie/^/?m cu/?a nhu/,/~ng trung d/^oa/.n thi/` d/^e/^/'n mo/^/.t lu/'c na/`o d/^o/' ta co/' the/^/? co/' mo/^/.t d/^u/,o/,/`ng cong vu/,/`a y/'. Ba/?o d/^a/?m kho/^ng thua nhu/,/~ng d/^u/,o/,/`ng cong na/v/`m tre/^n tha/^n the/^/? ngu/,o/,/`i d/^a/`n ba/`. D/^o/^/`ng y/' kho/^ng?
Ro/^/`i tu/,/` d/^u/,o/,/`ng cong Be/'zier na/`y ta co/' the/^/? bie/^/'n ra hi/`nh vo/`ng tro/`n, hi/`nh parabola , hi/`nh hyperbola , hi/`nh ellipse . Xa ho/,n mo/^/.t chu/'t, hi/`nh con pacman ke/^u wokka wokka cha/.y vo/`ng vo/`ng a/vn ma/^/'y con devil cu/~ng chi/? la/` ke/^/'t ho/,/.p cu/?a mo/^/.t pha/^/`n lo/,/'n cu/?a vo/`ng tro/`n va/` hai d/^u/,o/,/`ng ba/'n ki/'nh ma/` tho/^ Sau he/^/'t, tie/^/'p theo d/^a/^y la/` pha/^/`n image :
256 128 8 [256 0 0 128 0 0]
{scaned file processing command} image
Chi/? co/' co/^ng vie/^/.c la/^/.p tie/^/.m chu/.p chu/.p hi/`nh na/`y la/` ho/,i ra/v/'c ro/^/' No/'i la/` chu/.p hi/`nh nhu/,ng tha/^/.t ra co/' nghi/~a la/` la/^/'y mo/^/.t ta/^/'m hi/`nh chu/.p thie/^/.t cu/?a ta/'c gia/? ro/^/`i d/^em in le/^n tre/^n bu/,/'c thu/, ti/`nh. Nhu/, to/^i d/^a/~ no/'i, chu/.p hi/`nh kie/^/?u na/`y ho/,i ra/v/'c ro/^/'i ta/.i vi/` co/`n pha/?i tu/`y thuo/^/.c va/`o ma/'y chu/.p, the scanner . Bo/? qua vu/. na/`y d/^ Chi/? ne/^n bie/^/'t d/^a/.i cu/,o/,ng la/` image command d/^u/,o/,/.c qui d/^i/.nh ba/v/`ng bo/^/'n so/^/' parameters nhu/, thi/' du/. ghi tre/^n d/^a/^ Hai so/^/' d/^a/^/`u la/` so/^/' co/^/.t, 256 co/^/.t, va/` so/^/' ha/`ng, 128 ha/`ng, cu/?a nhu/,/~ng o/^ vuo/^ng nho/?, nhu/,/~ng sample , ke/? tre/^n ta/^/'m hi/`nh theo kie/^/?u chia khuo/^n d/^e/^/? ve/~ nhu/, ve/~ hi/`nh qua/?ng ca/'o xi ne/^ va/^/. Ta/.i vi/` pho/'ng d/^a/.i tu/,/` nhu/,/~ng ta/^/'m hi/`nh nho/? ne/^n pha/?i ke/? o/^ vuo/^ng cho chi/'nh xa/'c. So/^/' thu/,/' ba la/` so/^/' bit d/^e/^/? to/^ ma/^/`u d/^a/^/.m lo/,/.t cho ca/'c o/^ vuo/^ng. 8 bit nhu/, tre/^n thi/` tu/,/` d/^en d/^e/^/'n tra/v/'ng d/^u/,o/,/.c chia ra 256 ha/.ng d/^a/^/.m lo/,/.t kha/'c nha Co/`n so/^/' thu/,/' tu/, thi/` bao go/^/`m nhu/,/~ng so/^/' be/^n trong hai da/^/'u ngoa/v/.c vuo/^ng du/`ng d/^e/^/? xa/'c d/^i/.nh ca/'ch in hi/`nh tre/^n bu/,/'c thu/, ti/`nh. Co/' hai ca/'ch thu/,o/,/`ng xa/`i la/` tu/,/` tra/'i qua pha/?i tu/,/` tre/^n xuo/^/'ng du/,o/,/'i theo kie/^/?u in chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t, hoa/v/.c tu/,/` tre/^n xuo/^/'ng du/,o/,/'i va/` tu/,/` pha/?i qua tra/'i tu/,o/,ng tu/,/. nhu/, kie/^/?u in chu/,/~ Ta/`
Tre/^n d/^a/^y la/` bo/^/'n command quan tro/.ng trong to/^/?ng so/^/' mo/^/.t hai tra/vm command cu/?a toa/`n bo/^/. postscript language . Le/~ di/~ nhie/^n so/^/' command co/`n la/.i to/^i se/~ da/`nh cho ca/'c ba/.n tu/,/. d/^o/^/.ng nghie/^n cu/,/'u the/^m ne/^/'u ca/'c ba/.n muo/^/'n. Cu/~ng ne/^n no/'i the/^m ra/v/`ng nhu/,/~ng postscript command na/`y cha/v/?ng qua chi/? la/` nhu/,/~ng C function ma/` tho/^ Con d/^e/? cu/?a C language , mo/^/.t thu/,/' computer language pha/'t minh bo/,/?i Dennis M. Ritchie ta/.i Bell Laboratories. Tuy nhie/^n nghie/^n cu/,/'u postscript language kho/^ng pha/?i la/` d/^e/^/? ve/~ ro/^/`ng ve/~ ra/v/'n, ve/~ hi/`nh pacman, pitfall ma/` cho/, Mu/.c d/^i/'ch chi/'nh cu/?a no/' la/` d/^e/^/? ve/~ ma/^/~u chu/,/~. Chu/,/~ cu/?a postscript ve/~ ra/^/'t la/` d/^e/.p, bo/,/?i vi/` nhu/,/~ng d/^u/,o/,/`ng cong la/`m tha/`nh ma/^/~u chu/,/~ tha/^/.t la/` tro/,n tru lie/^/`n la/.c, tha/^/.t la/` smooth . Cu/,/' tu/,o/,/?ng tu/,o/,/.ng pha/?i ve/~ mo/^/.t chu/,/~ a to ba/v/`ng ca/'i nha/` ro/^/`i thu nho/? la/.i ba/v/`ng chu/,/~ a in tre/^n gia/^/'y thi/` chu/,/~ a d/^o/' la/`m sao ma/` kho/^ng chi/'nh xa/'c, hoa/`n ha/?o cho d/^u/,o/,/.c. Pha/^/`n to/^i, chi/? co/' vie/^/.c xa/`i nhu/,/~ng chu/,/~ ngu/,o/,/`i ta d/^a/~ ve/~ sa/v/~n d/^o/' ma/` d/^o/^i khi co/`n tha/^/'y me/^/.t. Bie/^/'t la/` co/' nhie/^/`u me/.o ve/^/` va/^/'n d/^e/^/` xa/`i chu/,/~ cho/,i chu/,/~, nhu/,ng d/^e/^/? ke/^/'t lua/^/.n pha/^/`n na/`y to/^i chi/? d/^u/,a ra d/^a/^y mo/^/.t va/`i thi/' du/. d/^e/^/? ca/'c ba/.n tha/^/'y su/,/. ke/^/'t ho/,/.p giu/,/~a troff va/` postscript language ke/^/'t qua/? nhu/, the/^/' na/` Xin xem ca/'ch in o/,/? ma/^/'y trang ke/^/'.
Vo/,/'i ba family font tu/,o/,/.ng tru/,ng la/` new century school book, helvetica narrow , va/` courier ca/'c ba/.n tha/^/'y chi/? ca/^/`n thay d/^o/^/?i mo/^/.t va/`i parameters, command to/^i co/' the/^/? in te/^n ngu/,o/,/`i ti/`nh Va/vn Ho/.c tha/`nh nhie/^/`u kie/^/?u la/. la/.. Ne/^/'u ai co/' thi/` gio/,/` chi/.u kho/' bo/? co/^ng ti/`m to/`i cha/v/'c cha/v/'n se/~ design nhie/^/`u kie/^/?u chu/,/~ la/. ho/,n. Cu/~ng la/` vie/^/.c la/`m kho/^ng pha/?i la/` kho/^ng hu/,/~u i/'ch. Pha/^/`n to/^i, cha/v/'c la/` to/^i se/~ ngu/,/`ng la/.i no/,i d/^a/^ D/^e/^/? thi/` gio/,/` da/`nh cho vie/^/.c sa/'ng ta/'c thua/^/`n tu/'y co/' le/~ hay ho/,n. Bie/^/'t la/` o/^ng tro/,/`i ra/^/'t co/^ng ba/v/`ng, mo/^/~i nga/`y o/^/?ng d/^a/~ cho mo/.i ngu/,o/,/`i ai ai cu/~ng co/' 24 tie/^/'ng d/^o/^/`ng ho/^/` cha/v/?n, kho/^ng du/, kho/^ng thie/^/'u mo/^/.t gia/^y, va/^/.y thi/` ta/.i la/`m sao ngu/,o/,/`i na/`y da/'m than phie/^/`n la/` to/^i kho/^ng co/' thi/` gio/,/` co/`n ngu/,o/,/`i kia da/'m tra/'ch mo/'c ra/v/`ng thi/` gio/,/` cu/?a to/^i to/^i tie/^u kho/^ng he/^/'t? Tru/,o/,/`ng ho/,/.p cu/?a to/^i, ma/` cha/v/'c cu/~ng la/` tru/,o/,/`ng ho/,/.p cu/?a mo/^/.t so/^/' d/^o/^ng anh em kha/'c, sau ta/'m tie/^/'ng la/`m vie/^/.c o/,/? so/,/?, vie/^/.c ti/`m thi/` gio/,/` d/^e/^/? vie/^/'t la/'ch chu/'t d/^i/?nh cu/~ng kho/^ng pha/?i la/` de/^/~. Pha/?i ti/`m mo/^/.t chu/,/'c vu/. na/`o vu/,/`a la/`m vu/,/`a vie/^/'t trong gio/,/` la/`m vie/^/.c nhu/, o/^ng Vo/~ Phie/^/'n va/^/.y mo/,/'i tha/^/'y ngu/,o/,/`i ca/^/`m bu/'t cu/?a mi/`nh tha/^/.t su/,/. tha/?nh tho/,i tho/, tu/'i ru/,o/,/.u ba/^/`
Va/` ba/^y gio/,/` to/^i xin d/^e/^/` ca/^/.p d/^e/^/'n va/^/'n d/^e/^/` thu/,/' hai cu/?a mu/.c la/`m d/^e/.p cho thie/^n ha/., va/^/'n d/^e/^/` proof reading . Hi/`nh nhu/, d/^a/~ la/^u la/v/'m ro/^/`i to/^i chu/,a he/^/` d/^o/.c mo/^/.t cuo/^/'n sa/'ch chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t na/`o co/' trang d/^i/'nh chi/'nh ke/`m theo phi/'a sa Kho/^ng co/' trang d/^i/'nh chi/'nh kho/^ng co/' nghi/~a la/` gio/^/'ng nhu/, ba/'o Time, ba/'o Le Monde da/'m ba/?o d/^a/?m ra/v/`ng ba/'o in ra kho/^ng sai mo/^/.t chu/,/~. Kho/^ng co/' trang d/^i/'nh chi/'nh la/` ta/.i vi/` ca/'i nghe/^/` d/^i/'nh chi/'nh na/`y no/' d/^a/~ che/^/'t tu/,/` la/^u ro/^/` Nhu/,ng kho/^ng bie/^/'t no/' che/^/'t vi/` no/' tu/,/. tu/,/? hay la/` ngu/,o/,/`i gia/'m ho/^/. cu/?a no/' kho/^ng d/^u/? tie/^/`n nuo/^
No/'i ve/^/` nhu/,/~ng cho/^/~ sai nhu/, ma/^/'t chu/,/~, so/'t ha/`ng, lo/^/.n trang thi/` ba/'o na/`o la/.i kho/^ng co/', nhu/,ng sai nhie/^/`u nha/^/'t theo to/^i nghi/~ co/' le/~ la/` ba/'o Va/vn. Mo/^/.t trong ca/'c ba/'o ma/` to/^i co/' chu/'t i/'t d/^o/'ng go/'p. Kho/^ng nghe gi/` ha/?? Xin lo/^/~i nghen, to/^i pha/?i no/'i nho/? nho/? tho/^i ke/?o o/^ng Mai Tha/?o o/^/?ng nghe o/^/?ng va/v/.n co/^/? to/^i che/^/'t d/^o/'! Ro/^/`i to/^i tu/,/. ho/?i cha/v/?ng le/~ ba/`i cu/?a ca/'c ba/'o giao cho nha/` in, nha/` in muo/^/'n input output the/^/' na/`o cu/~ng d/^u/,o/,/.c hay sa Cha/v/?ng le/~ kho/^ng ai buo/^/`n d/^o/.c la/.i mo/^/.t la/^/`n?
To/^i co/' la/`m o/,/? trung ta/^m vie/^/'t sa/'ch cu/?a My/~ ne/^n to/^i co/' di/.p bie/^/'t qua nhu/,/~ng cha/v/.ng d/^u/,o/,/`ng ma/` mo/^/.t cuo/^/'n sa/'ch cu/?a My/~ pha/?i d/^i qu Tru/,o/,/'c he/^/'t la/` tho/,/. vie/^/'t, writer , vie/^/'t xong ba/?n tha/?o go/.i la/` draft copy . Ba/?n tha/?o na/`y d/^u/,o/,/.c d/^u/,a qua tho/,/. su/,/?a, editor , su/,/?a chi/'nh ta/?, va/vn pha/.m va/` d/^o/^i khi su/,/?a luo/^n ca/? ca/'ch ha/`nh va/vn. Ba/?n su/,/?a chu/,/~a na/`y go/.i la/` mark up copy la/.i tra/? ve/^/` cho tho/,/. vie/^/'t coi o/^ng ta co/' d/^o/^/`ng y/' kho/^ng ca/'i d/^a/~. Di/~ nhie/^n tho/,/. vie/^/'t co/' toa/`n quye/^/`n vo/,/'i cuo/^/'n sa/'ch cu/?a mi/`nh, tho/,/. su/,/?a chi/? co/' nhie/^/.m vu/. nhu/, la/` d/^u/,a y/' kie/^/'n. Sau khi tham kha/?o y/' kie/^/'n cu/?a tho/,/. su/,/?a, tho/,/. vie/^/'t vie/^/'t ra ba/?n so/, kho/,/?i go/.i la/` preliminary copy . Ba/^y gio/,/` to/,/'i phie/^n chu/? bu/'t, boss , kie/^/?m la/.i va/` su/,/?a la/. Tra/? ve/^/` tho/,/. vie/^/'t mo/^/.t la/^/`n nu/,/~ Chu/,a cha/v/'c chu/? bu/'t d/^a/~ co/' y/' kie/^/'n hay cho ne/^n ro/^/'t cuo/^/.c tu/,/` no/^/.i dung d/^e/^/'n hi/`nh thu/,/'c d/^e/^/`u do tho/,/. vie/^/'t quye/^/'t d/^i/.nh. Final copy ra d/^o/,/`
Sa/'ch cu/?a mi/`nh in ra, theo to/^i nghi/~, d/^a/^u co/' cu/,/.c kho/^/? nhu/, va/^/. Nhu/,/'t la/` nhu/,/~ng cuo/^/'n sa/'ch va/vn chu/,o/,ng, truye/^/.n nga/v/'n truye/^/.n da/` Ai ma/` da/'m su/,/?a ca/'ch ha/`nh va/vn cu/?a ma/^/'y o/^ng ba/` nha/` va/vn, ba/^/'t qua/' chi/? la/` lo/^/~i ho/?i nga/~ chi/'nh ta/? kho/^ng ho/,/.p phong tho/^/? mie/^/`n Nam cho nhu/,/~ng ca/^y vie/^/'t go/^/'c mie/^/`n Nam. Nhu/,ng to/^/'i thie/^/?u pha/?i co/' mo/^/.t la/^/`n su/,/?a ba/?n tha/?o cho/,/'. Vi/` ne/^/'u kho/^ng co/' su/,/. su/,/?a ba/?n tha/?o thi/` d/^u/'ng la/` to/^i d/^ang la/`m mo/^/.t co/^ng da/~ tra/`ng, kho/?i ca/^/`n d/^o/.c tie/^/'p d/^oa/.n sa Ca/'i d/^ie/^/?m to/^i muo/^/'n ne/^u le/^n la/` ca/'i mo/^/'i lie/^n la/.c, tho/^ng ca/?m giu/,/~a ngu/,o/,/`i vie/^/'t va/` ngu/,o/,/`i su/,/? D/^a/^y cu/~ng kho/^ng co/' nghi/~a la/` a/'i ti/`nh ye/^u thu/,o/,ng mo/^/.ng mi/. gi/` he/^/'t ma/` la/` nhu/,/~ng u/,o/,/'c hie/^/. ky/' hie/^/.u trong ba/?n mark up copy d/^o/' co/' pha/?i la/` ai cu/~ng hie/^/?u cu/`ng mo/^/.t nghi/~a hay kho/^ng? Standard editing notes cu/?a My/~ thi/` hi/`nh nhu/, d/^a/~ ghi sa/v/~n trong nhu/,/~ng cuo/^/'n tu/,/. d/^ie/^/?n lo/,/'n. Co/' the/^/? Vie/^/.t Nam mi/`nh cu/~ng d/^a/~ co/' nhu/,/~ng standard , chi/? ta/.i to/^i vi/` sanh sau d/^e/? muo/^/.n, mo/,/'i cha/^/.p chu/,/~ng va/`o nghe/^/` ne/^n to/^i kho/^ng bie/^/'t? Tie/^/.n d/^a/^y to/^i chi/? ne/^u le/^n va/`i ky/' hie/^/.u ca/vn ba/?n theo phu/,o/,ng ca/'ch cu/?a My/~ d/^e/^/? la/`m thi/' du/..
Tru/,o/,/'c khi su/,/?a: Sau khi su/,/?a:
VIE/^/'T thu/,o/,/`ngVie/^/'t thu/,o/,/`ng
vie/^/'t hoaVIE/^/'T hoa
Vie/^/'t d/^a/^/.m Vie/^/'t d/^a/^/.m
Vie/^/'t nghie/^ng Vie/^/'t nghie/^ng
Vie/^/'t thu/,o/,/`ng Vie/^/'t thu/,o/,/`ng
Bo/? chu/,/~ du/,Bo/? chu/,/~
Su/,/?a chu/,/~ tra/^a/^/.tSu/,/?a chu/,/~ tra/^/.t
Ga/^/`n la/.iGa/^/`n la/.i
Pha/?i ro/,/`iraPha/?i ro/,/`i ra
The/^m thie/^/'uThe/^m chu/,/~ thie/^/'u
cha/^/'m. Xuo/^/'ng ha/`ngcha/^/'m.
Xuo/^/'ng ha/`ng
cha/^/'m.cha/^/'m. No/^/'i tie/^/'p
No/^/'i tie/^/'p
lu/`i ralu/`i ra
thu/.t vo/^ thu/.t vo/^
Xo/'a he/^/'t
Xo/'a lo/^/.n giu/,/~ la/.iXo/'a lo/^/.n giu/,/~ la/.i
La/.i la/`m d/^e/.p xin cha/^/'m du/,/'t o/,/? d/^a/^ Va/` xin nhu/,o/,/`ng die/^/~n d/^a/`n na/`y cho nhu/,/~ng ai da/'m cho/.n typesetting chu/,/~ Vie/^/.t la/`m cu/,/'u ca/'nh cu/?a cuo/^/.c d/^o/,/` Cuo/^/'i cu/`ng, d/^a/^y la/` la/^/`n d/^a/^/`u tie/^n to/^i d/^a/~ lo/,/~ la/`m o/^/`n a/`o quy/' nha/` va/vn lo/,/'n d/^ang ca/^/`n su/,/. ye/^n ti/~nh nghi/~ ngo/,/.i, ne/^/'u co/' gi/` pha/^/.t y/' thi/` cu/'i xin quy/' vi/. nie/^/.m ti/`nh bo/? qua ch
03. T LM ЉP
NGUYN TN HNG
T lm p? ng vy! Ti thit ngh ti c bn phn phi ra tay cu vt nhng ai tri bt xu. Ь nhng ai c th t thay i ci din mo tri bt xu ca mnh ra ci dung nhan p mn m theo mun. Nu ng ch ph߽ng php gii phu thm m ca ti l cu k, qui n!
K t ngy ti by t v ra ci tr "lm p" n nay k cng hai nm. Thi gian coi vy m... thm thot thoi a. Chc cc bn cn nh Ma Xun ny ta nn lm p trn Vn Hc tn nin 88 v Li lm p trn Vn Hc 29? V sau cng ti t tuyn b gc kim, treo n t quan, mc d ti vn bit mnh cn thua Trnh Gio Kim mt ba? Ci l do chnh ng chng qua l ti v ci mn c din hay cuc c hnh no cng d a n s nhm chn. Th tht ti mt ht hng th khi chng c ai ln ting trao i kinh nghim vi ti. Ai d vi thng sau hai anh Ng Ngc M v Nguyn t tn bn Canada li ging trng pht c ra qun, nhy v nhp cuc vi bi Lm p ch Vit trn Vn Hc s 32. No l my "cc chn rt" v cc loi my in ton c nhn, Macintosh, IBM, OS/2, PS/2, kh nng to hnh, graphic capability, v. v. c hai v m x t߶ng tn. K cng vui, cng phn khi. Coi nh bi th ti x߾ng c ng߶i ha. D ch mt ln, ri vng bng t do y cho n by gi.
S d ti c ba th ba ngy hm nay l do "li" ca nhiu ng߶i.
Tr߾c ht l b ch b con bit nh my cht nh ca ti. B ch ci cch b du ch Vit ca ti sao m n rc ri v r߶m r. Rc ri l kh nh my, kh input; cn r߶m r l kh c khi input xong. Kh cha? Kh c th ti chu, nhng kh input l do my ci my PC (personal computer, my in ton c nhn) ch khng phi ti ti. Coi vy ch khng d g programmed my hng nt function keys . Ri k n l thy T Mn. Thy ch mu ch ca ti sao m n "va mp li va trn." Ti bn trt, mp vi trn u c g khc nhau u, c "va mo li va trn" th cn nghe c. "y, n mp ci nt thng ng ca ch i ch t, v n trn vo nh trng ngng ch c ch o," i khi thy ph nh vy. Li nh chu. Ti chng lm g khc hn c. Ti v mu ch New Century School Book l ca nh Adobe lm ra, khng phi ca ti. u c thc cy bt cn v m sa ca ng߶i ta c. Ri thm ch Nguyn H߽ng bn Lng Vn cng ch tn ch mt mu ch ca ti: Mu ch ca anh i vi mu ch ca lng nh GI din hnh vi Mt .
Thnh ra, mt ln na, ti li phi hc sch xt li. em kim ra mi tip. Hn thing sng ni cha cho php tm thn "trng s" ca ti qui n, gii ngh, v v߶n.
Ti chiu b ch ca ti tr߾c bi v vn input bao gi cng l b߾c quan trng u tin. Khng input c th khng c bi, m khng c bi th l d nhin khng c sch, khng c bo g c. Khng c sch, khng c bo th nh vn nh th khng c ph߽ng tin chuyn t t tߗng, ch ngha ca mnh ti c gi. Ri nh in, nh xut bn na, t t xung dc... M thi, ti chng nn di dng vn t y lm chi. Ь qu v d nhn ra ci kh khn m b ch ti hay phn trn phn nn, ti xin in lun ra y bn nh my cn nguyn xi, raw input, theo kiu c, ca l дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH nh sau (ti c ngt dng tht ngn, thnh nhiu hng cho d phn bit):
VIE /^ /.T NAM CO /^ /.NG HO /`A Ti /?nh D /^i /.nh Tu /,o /, /`ng Thi /. Xa /~ My /~ Tho To /`a So /, Tha /^ /?m My /~ Tho
D /^O /,N XIN SAO LU /.C KHAI SINH
Ki /'nh gu /, /?i o /^ng Cha /'nh Lu /.c Su /, /. To /`a So /, Tha /^ /?m My /~ Tho:
To /^i ky /' te /^n du /,o /, /'i d /^a /^y la /` Nguye /^ /~n Va /vn X, sinh nga /`y 1 tha /'ng 1 na /vm 1901 ta /.i xa /~ D /^ie /^ /`u Ho /`a, qua /^ /.n Cha /^u Tha /`nh, ti /?nh D /^i /.nh Tu /,o /, /`ng; la /` con cu /?a o /^ng Nguye /^ /~n Va /vn Y va /` ba /` Tra /^ /`n Thi /. Z; hie /^ /.n cu /, ngu /. ta /.i nha /` so /^ /' 111 d /^u /,o /, /`ng Ly /' Thu /,o /, /`ng Kie /^ /.t no /^ /'i da /`i, thi /. xa /~ My /~ Tho.
Tra /^n tro /.ng d /^e /^ /. d /^o /,n na /`y d /^e /^ /'n xin o /^ng cho to /^i sao lu /.c 10 ba /?n khai sinh d /^e /^ /? tie /^ /.n du /.ng.
Trong khi cho /, /` d /^o /, /.i su /, /. cha /^ /'p thua /^ /.n cu /?a o /^ng, mong o /^ng nha /^ /.n no /,i d /^a /^y lo /`ng tha /`nh ki /'nh va /` bie /^ /'t o /,n cu /?a to /^i.
La /`m ta /.i My /~ Tho nga /`y 1 tha /'ng 1 na /vm 1990.
Nay Ki /'nh
(Ky /' Te /^n) Nguye /^ /~n Va /vn X
D /^i /'nh ke /`m:
- Ba /?n tri /'ch lu /.c khai sanh. - Le /^ /. phi /'.
Mi dm v, qu nhin, kh c thit. Kh c cn hn c cng in nh binh vit ch thnh ow, thnh uw, v. v. ngy tr߾c. Nhng xt cho cng, ci tr ngi ln lao nht ch l nhng ci / (slash) m ti dng lm du cho ng bn troff bit ߶ng no m i, m xp ch thi. Nu b ch ca ti khng hi lng th d lm, ti ch cn xa sch ht nhng ch / ny i. Lm lin. By gi coi li ci vc dng mi ra l ca t дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH ra sao ci . i, sao m n vn tt, gn gn, mnh khnh chn. Mi qu v xem qua mt pht:
VI.T NAM C.NG HO `A Ti?nh D^i.nh Tu,o, `ng Thi. Xa ~ My ~ Tho To `a So, Th?m My ~ Tho
D^O,N XIN SAO LU.C KHAI SINH
Ki 'nh gu,?i ng Cha 'nh Lu.c Su,. To `a So, Th?m My ~ Tho:
Ti ky ' tn du,o, 'i d^y la ` Nguy ~n Vavn X, sinh nga `y 1 tha 'ng 1 navm 1901 ta.i xa ~ D^i `u Ho `a, qu.n Chu Tha `nh, ti?nh D^i.nh Tu,o, `ng; la ` con cu?a ng Nguy ~n Vavn Y va ` ba ` Tr `n Thi. Z; hi.n cu, ngu. ta.i nha ` s ' 111 d^u,o, `ng Ly ' Thu,o, `ng Ki.t n 'i da `i, thi. xa ~ My ~ Tho.
Trn tro.ng d^. d^o,n na `y d^ 'n xin ng cho ti sao lu.c 10 ba?n khai sinh d^? ti.n du.ng.
Trong khi cho, ` d^o,.i su,. ch 'p thu.n cu?a ng, mong ng nh.n no,i d^y lo `ng tha `nh ki 'nh va ` bi 't o,n cu?a ti.
La `m ta.i My ~ Tho nga `y 1 tha 'ng 1 navm 1990.
Nay Ki 'nh
(Ky ' Tn) Nguy ~n Vavn X
D^i 'nh ke `m:
- Ba?n tri 'ch lu.c khai sanh. - L. phi '.
B ch ti chu qu. "Ci kiu ny coi b d g hn nhiu," ch cho bit kin nh vy. Nhng nu i su vo chi tit, nu qu v lm n chu kh gim mt cht, v nu input theo kiu va mi ni th bn du ch c xc nh nh sau:
du du du v du
v^,^
Ri nm du chm c ghi nhn nh d߾i y:
schuynnnghing
'`.?~
V sau cng su du ngt cu cng c s dng nh th߶ng l:
phychm phychm2 chmhithan
,;.:?!
L d nhin cn mt l du na nh m ng ngoc, ( ), ngoc n, ` ', ngoc kp, " ", ngi sao, *, ng bc, $, phn trm, %, v. v. m ti khng lit k ra y v n c dng ring mt mnh mt ci, khng ng chm vi ai ht.
ng chm? ng u v chm u? C thit nh vy khng? Xin tha, c! V bi c nhiu s ng chm nn mi c chuyn ni di di! Nu xt k, cch chn la bn du ch, nm du chm, v su du ngt cu cho b ch ti d nh my v d c nh trn, thy ra cng cn mt vi iu trc tr. Trc tr y khng phi cho ng߶i input m ch ring cho ng bn troff m thi. S l troff khng phn bit c du no l du du , v du no l du phy ngt cu (mt du, xi chung cho c hai). T߽ng t nh vy, troff cng khng bit du chm (.), lc no thnh du nng lc no thnh du chm. Tr߶ng hp ca du hi v chm hi (?) cng th. Troff cng c ci l ca troff ch! Vy th d dng cho troff v lun th cho ng nht, ti quyt nh cho tt c su du ngt cu (, ; .: ? v!), mi du u c mt khong sn trng (space) ng tr߾c cn nh ring ca mnh. Ti nh in ci дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH ra mt ln na, nhng chc qu v cng kh thy c v troff s xp cc du ny kht li. Tuy nhin, trn mn nh, trn screen, th nhng khong trng ny rt r.
Tm li, vi cch input theo kiu mi ny va tin li cho ng߶i nh my va r rng cho ng߶i c. Qu v c ng khng? "C," lm n tr li mt ting nh vy i cho ti nh! Ni no ngay, bui ban s vo i vi ci ti hnh trang mi "pht minh" ny ti cng b ln lia chia. Ti c qun ci sn tr߾c ca con nh du phy (,), du chm (.), v du chm hi (?) u chi. Ti chng in ra giy mi thy vi ch hi k k. V i lc du phy tr thnh du hoc (tr߶ng hp ng k ch o hoc u), du chm tt xung thnh du nng (tr߶ng hp ng k cc nguyn m), v du chm hi thu nh li thnh du hi (tr߶ng hp ng gn cc nguyn m). Nhng ln ln ri quen hi no khng hay.
Tip theo y ti lo gii quyt nhng khuyt im m thy T Mn v ch Nguyn H߽ng nu ln. Nh li hi ti mi nhy v ngh "xp ch ti t" ny ti xi mu Times-Roman . Ai cng ch mu ch ny m qu, li in kht kht nhau kh c (tr nhng ai mun h tin giy). c. Ch m h, th ti lm mp ra. Ch kht kht h, th ti s lm tha tha ra. V mu ch New Century School Book p ng i hi ny. Nhng chc c l ci mu ch ny t n lm "hi qu trn," vt nhng iu kin ti n nh, cho nn b ch l phi! Tht s c qu mp v qu tha chng? Cng ty ng߶i thch hay khng thch thi.
Nhng ti ngm ngh, chc phi c mt mu ch no ng gia gi mc trung dung ca hai cc im, hai extreme, ny. Ti bn m mm, lc li, nghin cu tt c cc mu ch m ti ang c. Theo th t ABC ti li ht ra y cho qu v xem mt: Avant Garde, Bookman, Courier, Helvetica, Helvetica Narrow, Hershey Gothic, Hershey Script, New Century School Book, Palatino, Times Roman, Zapf Chancery, Zapf Dingbat, v Symbol (cng nn bit nhng my xp ch loi ln c hng trm mu ch khc nhau, xi cho nhiu th ting, k c ting Phn, rp, Tu v Nht, nhng rt tic khng c ting Vit). V ti em anh chng Palatino ra th nghim th. Y chang, ng l mu ch ti mun tm. Nhng mu ch kia s d khng xi c v lch, tolerance, ca cc du rt ln khi chuyn i t ch th߶ng qua ch nghing, ch m, v ch nghing m. Ti i hi su vo chi tit chuyn mn ri... Tm li, qu v nhn r s khc bit, ti xin in lun ra y ba t дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH vi ba gia nh (font family) Times Roman, New Century School Book, v Palatino ba trang k. Nh vy m, mp, v va va u c c. Ыu hu. C ai cn thc mc, i hi g na khng?
Tuy nhin ny gi ti u c ni g v mc t lm p u? Phi hng? y y, ti ri! Rt tic lm qu v ch hi lu. Khng phi ti gi v qun i im then cht ny hay c tnh i lc . Nhng phi cho nhng ai cng nh qu v nm vng nhng ci p m mnh c th c c, ging ging nh Brigitte Bardo, Marilyn Monroe, hay Elizabeth Taylor chng hn, tr߾c khi quyt nh chn ci dung nhan s ra sau, ngy sau , "que sera, sera," cho mnh ch.
T lm p m ti s trnh by l mt ph߽ng cch, tng b߾c mt, i t ci "raw input" ca b ch ti cho n mt ci "output" in ra bng giy trng mc en, d߾i dng thc m, mp v va va m qu v va xem qua. Bng my PC v Laser Printer. Tt c bao gm trong nm b߾c. Nm b߾c tin n thnh cng. Bo m, khng cn b߾c th su v b߾c th by!
Nhng m Xun khuya ri v th theo li yu cu ca nhiu bn ng hi, ng thuyn ang cn s yn lng ngh ngi, ti xin hn vi qu v s tr li trong k ti: T lm p, on cui . Nu c th c...
Ghi Ch: Mi y, bi tt hay nga ngh, ti c lm thm du ch Vit cho ba loi ch na: Courier (constant width letters), Helvetica, v Zapf Chancery. Mi qu v thߗng lm ba trang k. Vi mu Zapf Chancery, theo thin ca ti, nu dng in th th tuyt.
04. T LM ЉP, ON CUI
NGUYN TN HNG
Trong mt bi tr߾c y trn Vn X , vi nhan T lm p , ti ni qua phn u, v nhng kt qu gt hi c, theo ph߽ng cch xp ch ca ti. Tr li vi qu c gi ngy hm nay, tip theo y, ti xin trnh by nhng g qu v cn bit v cn phi lm c th t mnh i n nhng thnh qu . Nh vy T lm p, on cui khng c g khc hn l phn gii thch hi chi tit mt cht v "nm b߾c tin ti thnh cng" m ti nhn nh vi qu v tr߾c y. Ь khi lm mt th gi ca qu v, tt hn ht, ti i thng vo vn ngay.
BC TH NHT l nh my, input.
vi filename
Chuyn ny d ri. Ai cng bit, ai cng lm c. Hin nhin c rt nhiu ph߽ng php vit bi trn my in ton (file editing), ty theo loi my v "ch߽ng trnh vit ch" (word processing) m qu v ang s dng. Chng hn, vi my IBM th phi xi DisplayWrite, vi my Macintosh th phi bit MacWrite, vi my XYvision th phi hc qua XYWrite... V vi cc my p dng MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) th c th tu nghip thm nhng kha v WordStar, WordPerfect, Samna Plus, PageMaker, FrameMaker, Arts and Letters...
V vic ny ci cnh "lia thia quen chu" vn th߶ng xy ra. Mc d c nhng software coi nh li thi, nhng nhiu ng߶i vn chu kh xi hoi ci ph߽ng php input m mnh hc hi ln u tin. Tuy nhin, nu mun bt kp tro lu tin ha, th cn phi thay i. Khng nn dm chn ti ch. Kinh nghim ca ring ti th ti c mt ln chuyn i t ed (editing command ca h thng UNIX, AT&T) qua vi (visual, full screen editing command ca i hc Berkeley, California, sau ny b AT&T k hp ng tm thu lun). T , ti vn xi vi cho ti by gi.
Sau khi nh my xong, qu v phi vng tr li dm thm macro (nu ai rnh ri th lm lun cng mt lc). V nu nhn li bn "raw input" ca b ch ti th th thit, ch d nhn d hiu cho nhng ai l ng߶i Vit Nam nh chng ta thi. Ton bi c l khng c ngha l g i vi ng߶i ngoi quc c, nht l i vi anh chng ngoi quc mang tn troff. Trong th d d߾i y, ti phi nht vo nhng hng cha trng (xin xem li bi n Xun, t lm p ) nhng ߾c hiu, nhng mnh lnh (macro) gip cho troff sng con mt ra. Cng cn bit nhng ߾c hiu, mnh lnh ny c ch ti bi mt o lut ring: dn u bng mt du chm (.) u cu.
Tm li, nu nhng hng cha trng (blank line) trong bn "raw input" c in vo bi nhng ߾c hiu, mnh lnh ny th hnh thc ca t дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH s ging nh sau (ti ph s hng ng tr߾c cho d thy, ch tht ra khng nht thit phi c):
2.sp
3.TS
4
5VI.T NAM C.NG HO `A
6Ti?nh D^i.nh Tu,o, `ng
7Thi. Xa ~ My ~ Tho
8To `a So, Th?m My ~ Tho
9.TE
10.sp 2
11.ce
12 s12D^O,N XIN SAO LU.C KHAI SINH s0
13.sp 2
14.ti 2
15Ki 'nh gu,?i ng Cha 'nh
16Lu.c Su,. To `a So, Th?m
17My ~ Tho:
18.sp
19.ti 2
20Ti ky ' tn du,o, 'i
21d^y la ` Nguy ~n Vavn
22X , sinh nga `y 1 tha 'ng 1 navm
231901 ta.i xa ~ D^i `u Ho `a ,
24qu.n Chu Tha `nh , ti?nh
25D^i.nh Tu,o, `ng; la ` con
26cu?a ng Nguy ~n Vavn Y
27va ` ba ` Tr `n Thi. Z;
28hi.n cu, ngu. ta.i nha `
29s ' 111 d^u,o, `ng Ly '
30Thu,o, `ng Ki.t n 'i
31da `i , thi. xa ~ My ~ Tho .
32.ti 2
33Trn tro.ng d^. d^o,n
34na `y d^ 'n xin ng cho ti
35sao lu.c 10 ba?n khai sinh d^?
36ti.n du.ng .
37.ti 2
38Trong khi cho, ` d^o,.i
39su,. ch 'p thu.n cu?a
40ng , mong ng nh.n no,i
41d^y lo `ng tha `nh ki 'nh
42va ` bi 't o,n cu?a ti .
43.sp 2
44.ce 4
45La `m ta.i My ~ Tho nga `y 1 tha 'ng
461 navm 1990 .
47.sp
48Nay Ki 'nh
49.sp
50(Ky ' Tn)
51Nguy ~n Vavn X
52.sp
53.ti 2
54D^i 'nh ke `m:
55.ti 2
56 f2- Ba?n tri 'ch lu.c khai sanh .
57.ti 2
58- L. phi ' . f1
Coi rnh rang vy ch tht s khng c g kh hiu lm u. i c߽ng, ti xi nhng ߾c hiu, mnh lnh sau y: .so,.sp,.TS,.TE,.ce , v .ti . Ti s ln lt gii thch cng dng v hng u c mt hiu lnh quan trng hn nn ti ring ra sau cht.
Mnh lnh .sp (space, hng th 2, 18, 47, 49, v 52) c ngha l cha mt hng trng. V .sp 2 (hng th 10, 13, v 43) l cha 2 hng trng. D hiu qu.
Mnh lnh .TS (table start, hng th 3) v .TE thnh lp mt bng lit k (table). Hnh dng ca bng lit k ny c xc nhn bi hng ch k tip (hng th 4), rng: tt c cc mc lit k u c vit st v pha bn phi (r, right, c ngha l bn phi) v ch c mt ct b ngang bng chiu rng ca c trang sch, w(22P) c ngha l width, chiu rng, bng 22 pica (1 pica bng 1/6 inch). Nh cp macro ny m 4 dng ch "VIT NAM CNG HA," "Tnh иnh T߶ng," "Th x M Tho," v "Ta S Thm M Tho" u vit theo th t gc trn, bn phi.
Mnh lnh .ce (center, hng th 11) cho troff bit rng phi in dng tip theo y ngay gia trang giy, tc l hng ch "дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH." Ri .ce 4 (hng th 44), c ngha l in ngay gia 4 dng k tip. Do vy m bn hng ch "Lm ti M Tho ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1990," "Nay Knh," "(K Tn)," v "Nguyn Vn X" u c vit ngay gia.
Mnh lnh .ti (temporarily indent) bo troff xung hng v tht v u dng. Ri .ti 2 , tc l xung hng tht v 2 pica (hng th 14, 19, 32, 37, 53, 55, v 57).
Ngoi ra ti cn xi nhng mnh lnh c gi tr tc thi ti ch, th d nh s12 l i c ch thng th߶ng 10 chm (points) ra 12 chm. Sau , s0 tr tr v c ch thng th߶ng. T߽ng t nh vy, f2 l i t ch th߶ng ra ch nghing. K f1 tr tr v mu ch th߶ng.
Tr li hng u vi mnh lnh .so (source file). S l .so c trng trch h߾ng dn troff em v bng mnh (read in) mt bi gc, bi cn bn nh kinh nht tng, thng th߶ng c xi chung cho cc bi bn khc. lnh lm sn khi cn gii thch thm; cn pcf.vn l cch layout trang sch theo nh xut bn Vn Ngh, "personal computer format. vn ngh," do ti t ra). Ь cho r ngn ngun, ti xin chp lun ra giy:
1.po 6P
2.pl 8.5i
3.ll 22P
4.ps 10
5.vs 14
6
7.de hd
8.nr P n%
9.sp 6P
10.lt 22P
11.ie nP%2 {
12.tl ''' * (tg nP' }
13.el {
14.tl ' nP * (ts''' }
15.sp
16.ft 1
17..
18
19.de fo
20.bp
21..
22
23.wh 0 hd
24.wh -1.25i fo
Nm dng u theo th t c ngha nh sau:
(1) .po 6P , tc l cha bin (po, page offset) 6 pica,
(2) .pl 8.5i , tc chiu di trang giy (pl, page length) c n nh l 8 inch ri,
(3) .ll 22P , xc nhn rng chiu di ca hng ch (ll, line length) 22 pica,
(4) .ps 10 , cho bit c ch (ps, point size) phi xp l 10 points, v
(5) .vs 14 , iu chnh khong cch gia hai hng (vs, vertical spacing) l 14 points.
Ni tm li, vi 5 dng nh gi cn bn cn v ny, cch layout ca mt trang sch hoc mt trang bo c hon tt.
K n l ti vit mnh lnh cho cch in u trang giy (page header). Gm 11 hng, t hng th 7, .de hd (head), cho n hng th 17 c hai ci chm chm i lin nhau, (..). Trong giai on ny ti phi lm mt bi ton r l ly s trang chia cho 2 (hng th 11). Nu s chia l tc l trang l (hng th 12), ti cho in tn tc gi ( tg , tc gi) i km tip theo s trang ( nP , page number). Tr߶ng hp chn (hng th 14), ti cho in ta sch ( ts , ta sch) ri mi n s trang (cng ch nP , page number).
Troff cn mt iu thc mc na: Xin hi ci mnh lnh u trang ny c hiu nghim vo lc no? When? Qu d dng, ti xc nhn rng: C hiu nghim mi u trang. Bng chng l ti ra lnh cho troff dng p cht, hng th 23. R hn mt cht, .wh 0 hd c ngha l tn cht nh ca trang giy (0 inch from the top), th em ci mnh lnh c ߾c hiu l hd ra thi hnh.
Hiu c ci mnh lnh u trang ri th ci mnh lnh cui trang (page footer) cng tr nn d nh cm ba thi. Ch c ba hng, hng th 19, 20, v 21:
(1) .de fo , xc nh mnh lnh cui trang (define foot),
(2) .bp , tc l bt u qua trang mi (beginning new page), v
(3) .. , hai chm chm i lin nhau l du hiu kt thc mnh lnh.
Tm li, nu ng ti cui trang th nhy sang trang k. Th thi. Nhng troff cng hi thm l bao gi th ng? Ti li xc nhn: Ъn khong 1.25 inch tr߾c khi n ߶ng y. Bng chng l ti ra lnh dng cht bt, hng th 24. Khi cn gii thch di dng ai cng hiu rng .wh -1.25i fo c ngha l h ti im 1.25 inch t d߾i ߶ng y tnh ln (1.25 inch from the bottom, l c du tr ng tr߾c), th mnh lnh c ߾c hiu fo (foot) ny phi c thi hnh.
Nh vy b߾c th nht gm c nh my, dm thm macro, v c vo bi layout trang giy.
BC TH HAI l chuyn i t "raw input" qua "troff string."
cvton filename > filename.n
Tr߾c y, thi Ma Xun ny ta nn lm p , ti tnh k rng trong ting Vit c tt c 134 ch c du. R hn, c 67 ch th߶ng v 67 ch hoa. Theo thng l ca troff, ti phi t 134 ch ny mi ch mt tn ring. Th d ch l aa, ch l AA. Ch l ab, ch l AB. V c tip tc nh vy. (C ng߶i dng s. Th d nh ch l a1, ch l A1. Ch l a2, ch l A2. V vn vn). Lc troff gp nhng ch t bit ny troff s bit phi lm ci g, bo m khng sai v khng cn phi ni chi tit ra y. ߽ng nhin lm cch 134 ch ny cng chy rm tri nh ai, mc d c phn hi r߶m r, lum thum.
R߶m r, lum thum? ng nh vy! V tht ra troff quyn bin hn ti tߗng. Ngoi vic nhn dng cc mu ch c bit nh ti va ni trn, troff cn bit "dm chn ti ch" v "nh chng ln ch c (over strike)" na. Troff li hc c nhiu ngoi ng, ting Ty ting U, ting Ch V, Ma n, c th mc. Xin ly mt th d in hnh nh hai ting "tr߶ng ti." Mon cole , nu mun ni ng theo nguyn tc ca dn Parisienne. Nhn ch th bit, gp ting Ty loi ny troff t ng lm rp rp. Ngt mt ni troff cha hc ch Vit, thnh th ti phi di cng lt li, hun luyn.
Ni cho cng, ch cn troff bit "dm chn ti ch" l ri ( im ny chng nn chy theo tro lu tin ha lm chi!). Ti bn ra lnh cho troff h gp ch Vit c du ca mnh th b du tr߾c, "dm chn ti ch," ri vit ch sau. Hai ba du cng chng h hn g, min l h b du ri th ng nhc nhch. ch ny lm ti nh hi bn nh qu c. ng vy, cc my nh ch Remington, Admiral... xi Vit Nam u p dng ph߽ng cch ny. Ci trc ch khng bao gi di chuyn khi cc du c "g." Th ra khng hn m gp. (Tuy nhin, nu input theo kiu du i tr߾c ch nh th ny th lc nhn vo input file, ti bo m chng c b ai m c c ht). Tm li, vi ph߽ng php "b du, dm chn ti ch" ny ti ch cn design 42 ci du thi, thay v 134 ch. Tt c gm c 2 du , 2 du , 2 du , 2 du , v 2 du cho hai loi ch th߶ng v ch hoa; v 7 du sc, 7 du huyn, 4 du nng, 8 du hi, v 6 du ng cng cho hai loi ch th߶ng v ch hoa. S d c nhiu du sc, du huyn, v.v. v v tr ca cc du ny thay i lun. Lc xung thp, lc ln cao. Lc qua tri, lc sang phi. Ь d hiu, ti cng vit ht ra giy y cho qu v thy. Sau khi chuyn sang "troff string," l дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH c vc dng nh d߾i y. im cng nn lu , l function "dm chn ti ch" ca troff.
2 .sp
3 .TS
4
5 VI (d7 (x6ET NAM C (d7 (x6ONG H (q6OA
6 T (h0 (iinh (d5D (x0inh T (d4u (d3 (q1ong
7 Th (x0i X (n1a M (n1y Tho
8 T (q1oa S (d3o Th (d2 (h3am M (n1y Tho
9 .TE
10 .sp 2
11 .ce
12 s12 (d5D (d8ON XIN SAO L (x6UC KHAI SINH s0
13 .sp 2
14 .ti 2
15 K (aa (iinh g (d4 (h1ui (d2ong Ch (s1anh
16 L (x1uc S (d4 (x1u T (q1oa S (d3o Th (d2 (h3am
17 M (n1y Tho:
18 .sp
19 .ti 2
20 T (d2oi k (s1y t (d2en d (d4u (d3 (s1oi
21 (d0d (d2ay l (q1a Nguy (d2 (n2en V (d1an
22 X, sinh ng (q1ay 1 th (s1ang 1 n (d1am 1901
23 t (x1ai x (n1a (d5Di (d2 (q3eu H (q1oa,
24 qu (d2 (x1an Ch (d2au Th (q1anh, t (h0 (iinh
25 (d5D (x0inh T (d4u (d3 (q1ong; l (q1a con
26 c (h1ua (d2ong Nguy (d2 (n2en V (d1an Y
27 v (q1a b (q1a Tr (d2 (q3an Th (x0i Z;
28 hi (d2 (x1en c (d4u ng (x1u t (x1ai nh (q1a
29 s (d2 (s3o 111 (d0d (d4u (d3 (q1ong L (s1y
30 Th (d4u (d3 (q1ong Ki (d2 (x1et n (d2 (s3oi
31 d (q1ai, th (x0i x (n1a M (n1y Tho.
32 .ti 2
33 Tr (d2an tr (x1ong (d0d (d2 (x1e (d0d (d3on
34 n (q1ay (d0d (d2 (s3en xin (d2ong cho t (d2oi
35 sao l (x1uc 10 b (h1an khai sinh (d0d (d2 (h3e
36 ti (d2 (x1en d (x1ung.
37 .ti 2
38 Trong khi ch (d3 (q1o (d0d (d3 (x1oi
39 s (d4 (x1u ch (d2 (s3ap thu (d2 (x1an c (h1ua
40 (d2ong, mong (d2ong nh (d2 (x1an n (d3oi
41 (d0d (d2ay l (q1ong th (q1anh k (aa (iinh
42 v (q1a bi (d2 (s3et (d3on c (h1ua t (d2oi.
43 .sp 2
44 .ce 4
45 L (q1am t (x1ai M (n1y Tho ng (q1ay 1 th (s1ang
46 1 n (d1am 1990.
47 .sp
48 Nay K (aa (iinh
49 .sp
50 (K (s1y T (d2en)
51 Nguy (d2 (n2en V (d1an X
52 .sp
53 .ti 2
54 (d5D (aa (iinh k (q1em:
55 .ti 2
56 f2- B (h1an tr (aa (iich l (x1uc khai sanh.
57 .ti 2
58 - L (d2 (x1e ph (aa (ii. f1
BC TH BA l chy troff (run troff). Cng d dng thi:
tbl filename.n . troff -F /lib/nfont > filename.t
Nhng ci kh l tm u ra anh chng troff y? V ci kh ny n li ra ci kh l o u ra tin mua mt ci my in ton c troff command y? Troff software package cho my in ton c nhn, DOS systems, gi hin thi (u nm 1990) cng cn qu mc. Ъn nhng $695 US -la do hng Elan Computer Group c quyn (?) bin ch v pht hnh t bn gc ca AT&T. Xin xem ci qung co m ti nh km mt trong vi trang sau. (Hint: troff ca ti lm ra, modified v compiled vi MS-DOS C language compiler, mc d khng ht function nhng vn chy ting Vit ngon lnh. Tr ngi chnh ch v MS-DOS khng bit s m, negative number, v khng phn bit c ch th߶ng vi ch hoa. Nhng ti ch cn mi ci "dm chn ti ch" l , cn v ).
Nu i su vo chi tit mt cht th qu v s thy troff tht ra ch c mi mt nhim v l: xp ch . C tun t ly ch ny xp k ch kia, ht hng th xung hng, ht trang th qua trang. i nh vy. Sau khi run troff xong, xin hy cng ti theo di mi mt trang u ca bn output di m߶i my trang ca t дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH d߾i y th qu v s r.
1x T ps
2x res 720 1 1
3x init
4V0
5p1
6x font 1 NR
7x font 2 NI
8x font 3 NB
9x font 4 NX
10x font 5 R
11x font 6 I
12x font 7 B
13x font 8 BI
14x font 9 S1
15x font 10 S
16s10
17f1
18H720
19V990
20h1515cV
2172Ih41Cd7
22Cx6
23cE
2472Tw95N81A72Mwh122cC
25h72Cd7
26Cx6
27cO
2878N81Gwh106cH
29h83Cq6
30cO
3178An130 0
32H720
33V1120
34h1838cT
35h67Ch0
36Cii
3732n61hwh89Cd5
38cD
39h78Cx0
40ci
4132n61hw89Th67Cd4
42cu
43h61Cd3
44Cq1
45co
4650n61gn130 0
47H720
48V1250
49h1944cT
5067hh61Cx0
51ci
52w60Xh70Cn1
53ca
54w84Mh94Cn1
55cy
56w82T67h61on130 0
57H720
58V1380
59h1643cT
60h67Cq1
61co
6250aw84Sh63Cd3
63co
64w78T67hh61Cd2
65Ch3
66ca
6756mwh117cM
68h94Cn1
69cy
70w82T67h61on130 0
71H720
72s12
73V1770
74h392Cd5
75cD
76h94Cd8
77cO
7894Nwh131cX
7984I49Nwh131cS
8076A86Owh128cL
81h80Cx6
82cU
8397Cwh120cK
8494Hh100cA
8586Iw83S76I49N97Hn130 0
86H720
87s10
88V2160
89h200cK
90h78Caa
91Cii
9232n61hw89gh54Cd4
93Ch1
94cu
9561iwh60Cd2
96co
9750n61gw82C72hh61Cs1
98ca
9956n61hw89Lh67Cx1
. . .
. . .
. . .
446x trailer
447V6120
448x stop
B qua phn lm cm set up nm pha trn u, vt xung hng th 16, n gin c 3 ch:
(1) s10 , tc l xc nh c ch 10 (size 10), v hng 17 vn vn cng ch c hai ch:
(2) f1 , nhng troff khng nh rng s in loi ch th߶ng (f1 = th߶ng, f2 = nghing, f3 = m, v f4 = nghing m).
Ri n hng th 18:
(3) H720 , tc l v tr ngang c xc nhn ( H, horizontal, honh ): 720 points tnh t bn tri t giy. Ngha l cha l 1 inch v 720 points = 1 inch.
Tip theo hng th 19:
(4) V990 , r rng v tr dc cng c ghi nhn ( V, vertical, tung ): khong 1 inch ri tnh t u trang giy.
C c c ch, loi ch v v tr xong, troff bt u xp hng ch "VIT NAM CNG HA." By gi ch cn quan st mt ch VIT thi.
Hng th 20:
(5) h1515cV , tc l t im gc c ta 720x990 troff di chuyn hng ngang thm 1515 points na ( h c ngha l horizontal move ) v xp ch V ( c c ngha l character ).
Hng th 21:
(6) 72Ih41Cd7 , c ngha l x qua bn phi 72 points, xp ch I ( 72I ), tip tc dt hng ngang 41 points ( h41 ), t v du ( C c ngha l ch mi c sng ch ra, downloadable character, cn d7 l ߾c hiu ca du nm trn ch ).
Hng th 22:
(7) Cx6 , "dm chn ti ch" v dnh lun vo du nng ( C, downloadable character nh trn v x6 l du nng d߾i ch ).
Hng th 23:
(8) cE , tip tc "dm chn ti ch" v xn thm v ch E.
Hng th 24:
(9) 72Tw95N81A72Mwh122cC , n y phi di chuyn hng ngang 72 points, gn vo ch T ( 72T ). Vy l xong c ch VIT. Ri trong khi bn rn moi trong hp ng ch tm ch N cho ch NAM, troff bn cha mt khong trng 92 points ( w92, w l width, chiu rng phi cha trng ) nh qu v thy...
Ni n y, ti cng ht hi. Phi ngh mt. Nhng, nu qu v thch th c xem tip i, bo m troff lm i lm li y chang mt mn: t ch ny k ch kia, ht hng xung hng, ht trang qua trang. Th thi. My xp ch m!
BC TH T l chuyn sang PostScript language.
cvtops -F /lib/nfont filename.t > filename.ps
Cha ht mt, nhng ti l li nhi ri th cng nn bn tip cho n xong vic. Tr߾c khi qu v chm vo cn bun ng trin min. Ti cng bit, s dng danh t chuyn mn nhiu qu th khng bun ng sao c? , m PostScript language coi vy ch cng hp dn lm, mi l lm. Tr mng h (cha n 10 tui th phi). D nhin ch hp dn, mi l l cho nhng ai dm dn thn vo nghip xp ch nh... ti m thi. Phi khng cc bn ng hnh? T߽ng t nh troff, qu v c dp nhn din tn mt, ti li chp ra y trang u tin ca hn hai m߽i trang PostScript.
1%!PS-Adobe-2.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
264DDEndProlog
265DDBeginSetup
266. . .
267DDEndSetup
268DDPage: 1 1
26910 NR sf
2702235 990 m
271(VI)2235 t
272renv
273DDBeginFile: /lib/font/devps/charlib/d7
274/build_d7 {
. . .
. . .
. . .
285} def
286DDEndFile
287senv
28810 NR sf
2892348 990 m
29033 build_d7
2912381 990 m
292()2348 t
293renv
294DDBeginFile: /lib/font/devps/charlib/x6
295/build_x6 {
. . .
. . .
. . .
306} def
307DDEndFile
308senv
30910 NR sf
3102348 990 m
31133 build_x6
3122381 990 m
313(ET)2348(NAM)2515(C)2790 t
3142862 990 m
31533 build_d7
3162895 990 m
317()2862 t
3182862 990 m
31933 build_x6
3202895 990 m
321(ONG)2862(H)3127 t
322renv
323DDBeginFile: /lib/font/devps/charlib/q6
324/build_q6 {
. . .
. . .
. . .
335} def
336DDEndFile
337senv
33810 NR sf
3393210 990 m
34033 build_q6
3413243 990 m
342(OA)3210 t
3432558 1120 m
344(T)2558 t
345renv
346DDBeginFile: /lib/font/devps/charlib/h0
347/build_h0 {
. . .
. . .
. . .
360} def
361DDEndFile
362senv
36310 NR sf
3642625 1120 m
36533 build_h0
3662658 1120 m
367( 365nh)2625()2807 t
368renv
369DDBeginFile: /lib/font/devps/charlib/d5
370/build_d5 {
. . .
. . .
. . .
381} def
382DDEndFile
383senv
38410 NR sf
. . .
. . .
. . .
1350DDTrailer
1351done
1352DDPages: 1
Nhng chm chm khong gia khng c ngha l ti du ngh u nghen (?), nhng nhiu functions lm, ngay on u di n bn nm trang nn ti khng tin vit ra. Cng nn bit qua, vi PostScript language, nhng hng c dn u bi du % ch l nhng ghi ch (comments) ca ng߶i vit program, khng c mt tc dng no khc.
T߽ng t nh phn troff, b qua my trm hng lm cm set up nm trn u, vt xung hng th 269:
(1) 10 NR sf , c ngha l c ch 10 v loi ch th߶ng ( NR, tc l New Century School Book-Roman ) c thit lp bi function sf (size and font).
K n l hng 270:
(2) 2235 990 m , tc l di chuyn ( m, move ) n ta 2235 ngang v 990 dc.
C c c ch, loi ch v v tr xong ri, th tip theo l phn xp ch. Hng 271:
(3) (VI) 2235 t , khng c g khc hn l xp hai ch V v I bt u t v tr 2235 ngang ( t c ngha l text ).
By gi n lc ti phi v (build) du cho ch . Bng 12 hng tip theo . M thi, hy b qua 12 hng rc ri, lnh knh ny i qu v s thy du c xp k bn ch I bi hng th 292 nh d߾i y:
(4) () 2348 t , c ngha l b du t v tr 2348.
T߽ng t nh du , du nng cho ch cng c v (build, vi 12 hng rc ri, lnh knh khc) v chm cng mt v tr bi hng th 311:
(4) 33 build_x6 .
Cng nn bit cc du ch Vit ny ch v mt ln thi, ri c gi li xi hoi bng tn ring build_.. ca n.
By gi n hng th 313:
(5) (ET)2348(NAM)2515(C)2790 t , c hiu l xp hai ch E v T t v tr 2348, xp ba ch N, A, v M t v tr 2515. V sau ht l xp ch C t v tr 2790...
Chc qu v bt nhc u... Thi, ti ni tm li: PostScript language cng t߽ng t nh troff m thi, mt ci my xp ch khng hn khng km.
BC TH NM, b߾c sau cng, l in ra giy trng mc en.
print filename.ps
Chnh ci v in ra giy trng mc en hi ln xn ny m ti phi chuyn t troff language qua PostScript language. Ti v PostScript cho php ti v (build) du cho ch Vit. Cn troff h, ci ng bn ny c ln qu, ch cho php ti xi nhng g anh ta c m thi. Khng sa cha, bin ci c ci g ht tri. Ъn y k nh xong, cng kh nhc c n b bng ci "khe ru b r" gi pht cui. Tin vn long ong th hu vn phi c an nhn. V ci print command cn bn ny th my in ton c nhn no cng c. V s߾ng mt ch l khng cn phi bin ci chi ht. C ly m xi. Cui cng, t дN XIN SAO LC KHAI SINH ca ti c pht ra t ci PostScript Laser Printer thuc loi mc tin, mercedes.
Sau "nm b߾c tin n thnh cng" c trnh by nh trn, kt lun, ph߽ng php lm typesetting, tc xp ch, cho ch Vit ca ti mi bn qua coi b chc n nh bp. Qu v ch cn lm nm ng tc sau y:
vi filename
cvton filename > filename.n
tbl filename.n . troff -F /lib/nfont > filename.t
cvtops -F /lib/nfont filename.t > filename.ps
print filename.ps
Cng nn ni qua, ngoi cc command vi, cvton (convert to New Century School Book font, NCSB font) , tbl, troff, cvtops (convert to PostScript language), v print , qu v cn phi c rt nhiu ch߽ng trnh ph tr (support files), m ti th߶ng t nu ai lm bing nh ti, chu kh vit *.bat file , th nm b߾c tin ti thnh cng s c rt gn nh vy:
vi filename , file creating
cton filename , convert to NCSB font
pcfn filename , pc format, NCSB font
pcpnl filename , pc postscript, NCSB font, landscaping format
pcprint filename , print postscript output file
Nhng th hi c ai dm b tin ra khong $1500 -la trung bnh mua mt ci my in ton c nhn, v ti thiu cng n $4500 -la mua mt ci my PostScript Laser Printer (khng phi loi my HP Jet II thng th߶ng u nha), cho vic... vit lch, lm bo tng? Chnh ti cho n by gi "th rn cng cha c dao n tru." Ton xi k my ci dao ca... cng-xi. Tuy vy, nu nhng ai tin tߗng ti, mun m thm ra tay t thoa son di phn cho mnh, th xin c lin lc vi hnh gi, tc gi l ti y. Th xem coi mnh c tm gp c mt ma Xun trong i hay khng? Nn nh l nu thiu hoa qu, bnh tri, tr n߾c ... cng t, th c th php l s khng c linh lm.
05. N XUN, EM TM TNH VIT TING VIT
NGUYN TN HNG
Хu xun khai bt:
Ma, m, m, m, m, m
Khng, sc, huyn, nng, hi, ng
- Tri t, u xun khai bt m th lm nh th ny th cht thin h ht. t ra cng phi: thng ging l thng n chi ... Vy mi gi l th.
- , hay lm ch. Coi vy ch khng phi vy nghen.
Ngm ngh li coi, khng du v nm du to thnh su ch, su ngha. Su nt nhc. Thit l tuyt diu, thit l phong ph. Nhng ngc mt ni, i vi nhng ng߶i ni ging Si Gn nh ti, u ghi nhn ch c nm hoc cao lm l nm nt ri m thi. Phi khng qu b con?
C ln ti pht m lin t t su ch trn cho mt ng߶i bn M nghe, n thng thc nhng m giai tit iu ht sc du dt trong ngn ng v ting ni Vit Nam. Vy m n c߶i khan v khng cht ngn ngi ni vi ti rng:
- Tao nghe ch c mi mt nt.
- Tm by. Kh qu. Ni chuyn vi my thit chng khc no n khy tai tru.
Ht xong mi thy ti nghip cho n. Ri xa hn mt cht, ti ngm ngi ti nghip cho chnh ti. L tai ca ti cng chng hn g n cho cam. Rc ri. Rc ri ch v hai du, hai ch sau cng. Ti sao khng gin d ha, hin i ha, cp nht ha... n cho ri? Ngn ng v vn t vn l nhng g th߶ng xuyn bin i t thi ny qua thi khc kia m! T "bli" tr thnh "tri" u c kh khn? Chnh v vy ti mun lm th chuyn ty tri: nhp chung hai du sau cng thnh mt. Bt su nt nhc cn nm.
M khng phi i ti by gi, ngay ch ny ti mi bt u lm u. Coi k li coi, ti lm t khuya ri. T dng th t ca bi ny ln. C nhn ra khng? Khng phi trt li chnh t. Ch ti v ti c tnh lm nh vy. Khng cn du hi na. Ton l ng. Nhng, vit ng, ni hi. Qu v c nghe ti pht m ton l hi khng? i, thit l tin li. Thit l ph hp vi cc ngn ng c vn abc trn th gii.
- Khng c, khng th c...
- Hy khoan... ng la, ng ry. Ti s sn sng chp nhn nghe la, nghe ry m. u c chy ng tri no cho c. Nhng hy cho ti ni ht ci l do, ci tm tnh ca ti ti sao ti phi "lm by" nh vy ch.
Ti v on tr߶ng ai c qua cu mi hay . "Ni v nghe," thit tnh chng ai chp nht. Ging Qung ging Nam, ging Bc ging Hu u xi c, hiu c v khng ai cm cn. Ch "vit v c" mi kh. Mt ni kh canh cnh bn mnh, dn dt eo ui nhng ng߶i cng lng ra cng b du. T ngn xa cho n by gi.
Ti b du nhng g ti vit nn ti bit. Tnh thit, ti nm ci mi "trt di di," "b sa sai di di" hi au th߽ng .
Ban u ti hi nhng ng߶i bn gc Bc. Nhng, chnh nhng ng߶i bn gc Bc chnh cng cng nhiu ln... khng ng. Mt tin tng. Ri khng phi lc no mnh cn n th bn b li xut hin ngay nh qu nhp trng. B thng bn trong ti khng c cho nn ti nh nht v b cun t in, Vit-Anh v Anh-Vit ca Nguyn Vn Khn. L d nhin loi nh, b ti. Li trt. Lnh o, lnh l߽ng, nga ti, ny lui, xin lm n coi li coi. Xy ra u u nhng ch khng ng trt. i khi my ch sai du hi ng ny lm cho ti nh i. Bn cng theo ng Nguyn Vn Khn thit b. Chc n hn. Nhng li cng knh, bt tin qu.
Thit kh. Sut i kh. Chng bit tm s cng ai.
- Ti sao ng߽i khng tm s cng vi my in ton?
- h, cng c l. t ra cng cn mt vi sinh vt khng mu khng tim c th hiu c mnh. Nht l anh bn Unix (rg, con ca Bell Laboratories.
Ti thch anh bn Unix ny ti v anh c nhiu thng con khn ngoan chi l. Ngoi vi, tbl, troff ... m ti th߶ng nhc ti nhc lui, cn c chng spell (nh vn) rt gii v mc nh nhiu v nh dai. Ti dm ni n nh ht my ngn ch ting Anh trong cun t in hiu Merriam-Webster, bo m khng trt mt ch no. Chng ai tin ti sao? M ni cho ngay, thi bui ny khng ring g anh Unix mi c spell . Nhng word processor khc cng c ri. Vi spell , ng߶i ta rt d dng bit tt c cc ch sai li chnh t trong mt bi vit. Ch cn lm: spell filename ..., ri ch n in ra trn mn nh.
Nu khng mun cng ng Nguyn Vn Khn sut i, theo ti ngh, ti phi ch mt a con spell ring cho ting Vit. Ngha l, tr߾c tin, ti s chp nguyn b Nguyn Vn Khn vo computer; ri k , so snh tng ch mt trong bi vit vi cun t in ny. Bi vit c 1000 ch th phi so snh 1000 ln. Tr ngi l ch . Nu bt i du hi, l du khng c trong mu t quc t, th cng vic bo m s c phn gin d hn nhiu. Tng s ch phi tm, so snh trng trt, khi chy spell cng s gim i mt s khng nh. V nu c nh vy th trong t߽ng lai khng cn lut l hay ngoi l phi nh na. Khng sc hi, huyn nng ng coi nh tm gc qua mt bn.
C mt iu na lm ti bn tm khng t l gia nhng t bo ln, nhng ban bin tp ln, s khc bit v chnh t vn cn di di. Khng ring g hi ng m ngay c d vi v , d vi gi , c vi t , x vi s , ch vi tr , v vn vn. Lm nh mnh ai mun lm g th lm, mun vit sao th vit, khng c g thng nht ht. Bi vy bit u chng nh c mt spell program cho ting Vit m ng߶i mnh c c hi xch li gn nhau.
Ti ngh ti phi n߽ng vo y m nh trng lng mt cht. Chy ti mt cht. Ci ti dm lm chuyn ng thin nh. N, u phi ch nhng ng߶i ni ging Si Gn mi b trt li chnh t? Nhng ng߶i ni ging H Ni cng vy, hay trt ch s , ch x , ch ch , ch tr nh nu trn. S dng thnh x dng, trong sut thnh trong xut . i khi l th. Cn na. Giy pht chnh lng vi giy pht trnh lng th ci no ng ci no sai? V i v min Trung, ng߶i ni ging Hu th trt nhng ch no? Chng l m, t, rng, ra? Ch ! Lm n mch n߾c gim coi h .
, c ri. Trong bi Qung Tr, Фt v Ng߶i (Lng Vn 44, trang 69), tc gi Trn Vn Tch c v ch cch pht m ca ng߶i Hu qu x. Thiu chnh xc vn g v khng g cui ch. Th d nh vy, "khng c cy nng chng th r l hon nn ." Nng v nn , lm sao m phn bit ci m y? vy cn thm ch c v ch t cui ch na. Th d th ny, " ߾c g c da bnh ߾t n cho ." c v ߾t , ci ging khc nhau ch no? Ti c phn vn hoi. Thit c s pht m phn bit ny sao? Nu ng nh vy th ti phi phc st t. Ti u hng. Ti chu thua. Xa lc xa l.
Ri trong bi Cu Chuyn Danh T Khoa Hc V Danh T Y Khoa (Vn Hc s 39, trang 7), bc s Trn Ngc Ninh c nu ln vn d phin m cc gianh t khoa hc v y khoa ngoi quc. Nhng gianh t khng th gich ra ting Vit dc nh tn thy thuc Pasteur, Parlov... chng hn. ng ch tr߽ng khi phin m ting ngoi quc nn b nhng ch c ru (, ) c m (, , , ) c nt ngang c bit () v b c nhng du thanh (sc, huyn, hi, ng, nng) r߶m r vic in, du l in bng my in t . Nu lm theo li bc s Ninh d ngh th ti thy ting phin m no c khc ting ngoi quc l bao. Th d nguyn cho tin. Nhng dy l chuyn ca bc s Ninh, ti khng gim lm bn. Diu ti mun ni l, theo ti, chung cho mi tr߶ng hp ch Vit ch khng ring g di ti lc phin m, ta c th b dc ch d c nt ngang dc bit. Bng cch thay ch d c nt ngang dc bit bng ch d th߶ng v thay ch d th߶ng bng ch gi. Ti d p ging diu ti va mi ni ngay trong don ny nh qu v c thy? V cha quen nn qu v kh dc phi khng? Chnh ti cng vy. Nhng nu ta tp pht m mu t d nh ting Anh ting Php th gin gin s dc thi. Cn mu t ghp gi th gi hiu ri, bo dm khng g tr ngi!
Tr߾c khng lu ti c c hai bi vit vi nhan Mc Gio v Lo Gio (Vit Nam T Do s 52, trang 11-14, trch ng t bo еc Lp) ca hcgi Hong Vn Ch. Hai bi vit ngn, gn, nhng rt ydd ngha v xutx v tnch ca hai tngio ny. Btphp ca c linhng qu, ging vn ca c t߽imt qu, ngay c khi c vit v o. Rt ddng, dhiu cho ng߶i c mcdu c ang ni v nhng vn rcri khhiu: tmlinh, thinhc. Ti mong c c bi ca c vit v cc o khc nh Trang Gio, Khng Gio, Nho Gio... m cha c dp. Nhng im ng ni trong vn ch Vit l ti thy hai bi ny c li xpch cbit hn nhng trang bo khc. Cng khng phi l p g hn, m ch l l ch nhng ch i c in dnhlinnhau. Khng cn c gchni hay cha khongtrng g c. T߽ngt nh phn trn, phn ny ti cng pdng iu ti va mi trnhby ngay ra y cho quy'v thy lun. Яi vi ti, chng c g l kh c c. Cn d c hn c intn gi v nh hay bn nh gi qua, vit dnh chm theo lut mt ch khng qu m߶i mut. ontr߶ng ny hnhnh dn luvong ai ai cng qua cu. Bui ban u, hng Western Union tnh tin ci intn theo s ch trong bn tin. V sau, khng bit ai mchbo m khmph ra ci nghthut vit dnh chm ca ng߶i Vit mnh, bn tnh thm 10 la cho nhng bc intn khng c vit bng ting M. K nh Ty, Tu, ChV, NaN... b ha ly, cng vui. Nu c vit theo kiu vit intn ny lnhi ting VitNam s khng cn l tingnm na. Ri ci g s n vi ch Vit a m y? Nu khng phi l dunhn v vtr ca n? Cng s lnging xungging hoc yddydihi, ccack vn cui nh dn min Nam n߾c M? Th lm mt cu vngc vi ch Vit a m nh sau y th s bit: Anh vi em no phi l ng߶i sng ni thmsncngcc m khng th v nh i traitigisc L߽ng Sn B vi Chc Anh ... i... ng l qukhcthnsu! Ri nu i xa hn mt cht, nu cun tin Nguyn Vn Khn c chp vo computer theo li ny th s ngn v gn bit bao!
Trong hai on trn, nhng ng thai i cho ch Vit xt ra cng khng n i cu k qi n nh ng (v thc hnh, ring mi mt mnh ng߶i x߾ng) ca ng Nguin Ngu . ng ng b ch "y" v "Y", dng hai ch "i" v "I" m thi: "k nim" thnh "k nim" (nhng Thanh Thy vn gi nguin?). Xa hn mt cht, ng cn ng thai ch "ngh" bng ch "ng", nh "nghi l" thnh "ngi l" v thai ch "qu" bi ch "q", nh ta sch "Q H߽ng" ca ng. Cng l mt kin ng gp cho mc lm p, lm mi ch Vit c mt khng hai. Xin c bi Chn Tr, Cy Bt v Ngn n ca H Tr߶ng An (Lng Vn s 72, trang 29 ).
Cn ni v phin dch, khc mt tri mt vc vi phin m, t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng kia th phi bit, thi i ny l thi i machine translation , dch bng my. B cun sch ting M u ny, chy li u kia ly ra cun sch ting Php, hoc ting c, , Nga, Ty Ban Nha, Nht Bn... Ni cho ngay, my ch dch n mt mc no thi: by n tm chc phn trm l gii ri. Th vit phi r li l l ߽ng nhin. Tit kim rt nhiu th gi v, trung bnh, th dch chuyn nghip dch xong mt cun sch i ba trm trang cng mt n na nm. Tit kim rt nhiu tin bc v, trung bnh, gi dch mt trang cng ln n 150 la hoc 15 xu mt ch.
Chc qu v ang tic hi hi rng ti sao ng߶i mnh cha c ai ngh ra hay ng ra lm vic quan trng ny c phi? Li chm chn hn thin h na ri! Xin tha khng! Thit ra, dn tc ta i tin phung trong lnh vc ny ch. Lch s dch my, machine translation , ghi nhn rng, khng phi ng߶i mnh m l M, nghin cu vn ny t nhng 22 nm v tr߾c, nm Mu Thn, 1968. Nhm mc ch dch nhanh chng mt s ti liu qun s cho ng minh Vit Nam. Nhng kh ni, chng bit v ting Vit c kh qu chng hay dng c in ton lc by gi cn... phi thai m nhn vin Bell Laboratories nh phi b cuc. Dch my cho ting Vit cht t trong trng n߾c. Cho n ngy hm nay, my in ton pht trin n mc cng cc, hu nh cc n߾c tn tin no cng c ch߽ng trnh dch my, machine translation program , t ting M qua ting ring ca h. Nhng ting Vit mnh ri cng cha c. Theo ti, c l ti v ting ca ta rc ri qu i thi. Bi vy, bng mt ߶ng li, mt ph߽ng cch no , cng gim thiu c nhng qui lut, nhng ngoi l ca ting mnh th cng hay. нn gin ha cho n khi no bt mt ng߶i Rp hc ting Vit d nh hn hc ting M th ta mi c c hi bnh tr߾ng ch ngha sang x ng߶i. Bng khng, ri cng s l mt ngn ng cht nh ting c, ting Php... khng ai thm hc na.
Xa hn mt cht, M cn lm ra my... phn tch vn ch߽ng. Gi nm na ra l bn tho rp, c o ca th vit, writer's workbench , do Bell Laboratories sng ch. D xi lm, tuy c nhiu cch. Ring ti, ti ch cn b cun sch ca mnh v l, xo nu vi mi anh chng wwb command l xong. Ti v cng tc chnh ca wwb command l d li cc ch sai v ph bnh ngh thut hnh vn (proofreading and stylistic analysis). Trong c c cch chm cu (punctuation), li chnh t (spelling), li vn phm (grammar), li vit cu lng thng lum thum (split infinities and redundancies), li dng ch cu k kh hiu (awkward phrases), v. v. Sau khi phn tch xong, my... phn tch vn ch߽ng s kt lun trnh vit ca cun sch nm lp my, lp 8 hay lp 12 chng hn! Ri cn by t lm ti khn hn, ngh ch ny sa li th ny, ch kia vit li th kia na. Bao gi th mnh mi ch c mt ci my loi ny? C l cu tr li cn ty thuc rt ln vo vic gin d ha ting Vit! Nhng n chng chc chn phi ni l rt kt cho cc nh vn, nh th. S rt i di di. V my... phn tch vn ch߽ng khng cho php nh vn, nh th th hn mnh theo tm tnh ring t hoc d dng ngoi cnh chi phi ri vit "vn bt thnh c." Nhng thin ngh, nu ai c tnh vit "vn thnh c" th s khng bao gi tr thnh nh vn, nh th vy.
ng Phm Qunh c ni: Truyn Kiu cn, ting ta cn. Ting ta cn, n߾c ta cn . By gi ti xin mng php ph ha thm: "Ting ta cn, n߾c ta cn. Ting ta mi, n߾c ta mi." Ci th gii mi m ti tin tng d dng hn cho chnh ti v c th d dng hn cho ng߶i ngoi quc mun hc ting Vit Nam. Ci th gii vit ton ng, m pht m ton hi. Bo m nh nhng cho l tai v khi phi nhc cng un li.
Nhng trong ci th gii mi ny nhng ng߶i l vn c l l nhng ng߶i din ngm v nhng ca s. Khng bit phi ngm, phi ht nh th no? Th tng tng c ai dm ht ton du hi nh vy: D vng, tm u thy... C ng߶i s t nga v c߶i... ra n߾c mt. Thi, th hy tip tc c߶i cho vui nhng my ngy xun i. Cho ti h d.
Phm nhng ngh i mi, nht l trn ph߽ng din ngn ng, th߶ng rt t khi c chp nhn. Tuy nhin, nu mnh c theo lut Murphy t d nh if it wasn't broken, don't fix it (nu n khng h th ng c sa), th c l trong th k hai m߽i ny khng bao gi c phi thuyn, khng bao gi c v tinh, cng khng bao gi c nhng my in ton c nhn thu nh li t nhng my in ton khng l. Dm a ra nhng ngh i mi l can m. Nhiu ng߶i sut cht hoc cht khi liu lnh a ra nhng nhn nh mi ch. Mt Galilleo th k 16 dm ni tri t quay xung quanh mt tri chng hn. Mt Nguyn Tr߶ng T th k 19 dm dng biu canh tn quc gia x s Vit Nam chng hn.
Bi th cho nn, theo ti, nhng ngh i mi cng "qui n," lm lc li cng c gi tr. ng bc b tc th, you never know if you don't try (khng lm th th sao bit c). Trn th gii ny bit bao nhiu c hi ngn vng vt khi tm tay khi nhng ngh qui n b xem th߶ng. C khi lm sp c mt cng trnh xy dng lu di ca mt n߾c. Nh Thy S chng hn. Vo nhng nm 68, 69 c th ni 90 phn trm ng h bn ra th tr߶ng l xut pht t x ny. Nhng ch trong vng hai m߽i nm sau, mc ng gp ca Thy S vo th tr߶ng ng h tt xung d߾i 10 phn trm. Nhng ng h chnh xc, vi nhng bnh xe quay trn tr cht lm bng qu, nh߶ng ch cho nhng ng h chnh xc hn, lm bng cht silicon r tin. Nhng Omega, Rolex, Longines, Rado... c thay th bi nhng "quart" sn xut hng lot bi Seiko, Timex. C ai ng u ci "quart" u tin ca nhn loi li c pht minh t chnh n߾c Thy S vo nm 67! By gi Thy S c quay ra chu xi ci pht minh ca mnh th, than i, cng mun ri!
Phn ti, l d nhin, ti khng c m mng c lm mt Galilleo, mt Nguyn Tr߶ng T, hay mt nh pht minh ng h in t g g ht. Ch mun a ra mt kin xy dng nh nhoi v mong nhng ai "bo th" ng vi vt n v cu tiu, git n߾c mt ci rt vy.
Ti ߾c mong ngy no , Vit Nam mnh c c mt ci gi l Hn Lm Vin, nhng ai c ... em tm tnh vit ting Vit nh ti s c ch gi v nhng ngh, ng gp ca mnh mt cch chnh ng hn.
* Unix l registered trademark ca American Telephone and Telegraph Company.
06. I SU VO "VI"
NGUYN TN HNG
K hn m߶i lm nm qua, hu ht nhn vin ca AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) t ng߶i vit ch߽ng trnh (programmers) cho n nhng ng߶i nh my (input operators), u s dng ch c mi mt command nh my (input) bi vit ca mnh hoc ca cc th vit k thut (technical writers) vo computer. Hng triu trang sch nhm trnh by chi tit (full description) hoc ch dn cch s dng (user's guides) v cc mn hng do cng ty ch to (products) c vit ra hng nm, thp tng theo nhng kin hng tung bay khp cc chn tri gc bin.
Command chnh l "vi" (c l vi-ai) command, cn gi l visual editing, display editing, hoc l full screen editing command. Theo ti, t full sreen editing command c l l ng ngha nht. Ь i chiu vi nhng line editing command c pht minh ra sm hn, t nh "ed" (trong AT&T Writer's Workbench) hoc "edline" (trong Microsoft GW Basic), l nhng command dng vit bi, sa bi tng hng mt thay v vit v sa nguyn bi nh "vi".
Full screen editing command v ci mn nh (screen) nh l mt ci ca s. Qua ca s ny, ng߶i ta c th ko bu tri xung (scroll down), hoc a m ph ln (scroll up) quan st, xem xt cnh vt bng thch trong . Tuy hin nay c rt nhiu full screen editing command do nhiu hng ch ra. Nhng ti sao "vi" li c AT&T, mt trong nhng hng ln nht nh n߾c M v lnh vc truyn thng v computer, tip tc s dng di di? Sau hn nhng m߶i lm nm m khng thy chi li thi ht? Qu l mt iu l trong th gii khng ngng bin chuyn tht nhanh chng ngy hm nay!
Nhn ni qua v th gii khng ngng bin chuyn tht nhanh chng ngy hm nay, ti xin m ngoc nh ngang y ni thm vi qu v ti sao c s phn chia (break up) ca Bell System hay ni nm na ra l s tan r ca hng in thoi M. Ь thy s can thip v nhn xa (?) ca nhng nh lnh o mt c߶ng quc.
Nu ti khng lm, trong lch s kinh t th߽ng mi ca nhn loi, t bn cng nh cng sn, khng c mt cng ty no ln hn Bell System. Mt cng ty kinh doanh thun ty ca t nhn vi s nhn cng ln n trn mt triu ng߶i v mc thu hoch hng nm (revenue) trung bnh hng trm t -la. ng u trn chp-bu l AT&T, th߶ng c gi l AT&T Long Lines (chuyn v h thng vin lin), v bn d߾i l hai m߽i hai hng Bell Con (Baby Bell*, Bell c ngha l ci chung nhng cng l tn ca ng߶i pht minh ra te'lphone, Alexander G. Bell), nh South Central Bell, Northwestern Bell, Southeastern Bell..., i thi la c ng, ty, nam, bc Bell.
Bell System khng bao gi l v l mt cng ty c t d߾i s kim sot ca chnh ph (regulated), ging nh cc hng hng khng tr߾c thi tng thng Ronald W. Reagan. H c thy li t th n ln chnh ph xin tng gi. Th߶ng th chnh ph M ch cho cc hng b kim sot c li trn d߾i khong m߶i phn trm thi. Li nhiu qu th chnh ph xit hu bao li, bng cch ra lnh st gi.
L d nhin my ng cm u cc hng b chnh ph kim sot cng ma u khng km. Bng mi cch, h phi lm sao iu hnh cng ty ca h theo chiu h߾ng i ln. Ngn khon (budget), mc thu hoch (revenue), cng nh tin li (profit) bao gi cng tng. Nm ny sang nm kia. Nhiu lc vo nhng dp cui nm, ngn khon thng d xi khng ht, xp phi y nhn vin i cng tc cho hng (business trip) nh i ch. Bo m khng mt ng xp no, nh cng nh ln, li mun ngn khon ca mnh b ct gim trong nm k tip. Bi vy lm khi mt cng vic ch cn chng 50 ng߶i lm th hng m߾n vo 100. Hin nhin nu chia u ra th b ng mi ng߶i mt ngy ch lm vic na bui thi, bng khng th k nh c 50 tn ch ngi chi n l߽ng. Chng khc no vt tin qua ca s khng bng. Hng sao m tt bng, rng ri. V lm nhn vin cho hng ln cng c ci s߾ng l ch .
Nhn li lch s kinh t th߽ng mi quc t, khng hng no b chnh ph ca chnh mnh tha kin lin min, i ba chc nm tri, nh hng AT&T. Ch v ci ti c quyn (monopoly). Nm no cng c ng pht, khng lng ny th cng thnh ph kia. M nn nh l tin pht ri cng chy vo tin chi ph (expenses) thi. Cho nn hng ta no c s pht l g. Pht th c pht, cn c quyn th c c quyn, min sao c li hng nm trn d߾i m߶i phn trm l c. Bi, rit ri Bell System nh l mt th v߽ng quc t tr. AT&T lnh phn iu hnh, Western Electric ph trch phn ch to v sa cha cc my mc, cn cc Baby Bell c nhim v cho thin h thu te'lphone v ߶ng dy vin lin ly tin b ti. Ch cho thu thi ch khng bao gi bn, mi c.
D߾i "triu i" Charlie L. Brown, nm 1984, v߽ng quc Bell System bng nhin b tan r. Sau hn 100 nm thnh lp vi u khong c chc ng Vua (Chairman). Ti lm sao c chuyn k cc vy? Cu tr li rt l n gin: Ch ti v ci computer thi!
Phi ni Bell System, hay r hn Bell Laboratories, l mt trong nhng ni pht minh v sng ch ra nhng ci computer tr߾c tin. Nhng, khng ai bit AT&T c computer bao gi. Ng߶i ta ch nghe ni ti IBM, Digital, Hewlett- Packard, Honeywell, Sperry Univac, v.v. u c ai ng l nhng my chuyn t tin tc nhng trung tm vin lin (central offices) l nhng computer thng ho hng. Nhng s d khng c gi l computer ch v chnh ph M cm, khng cho gi nh vy. C giy t hn hi. Vi l do: Anh l hng in thoi, anh ch ch dng c in thoi, anh khng th ch computer. Lm cm v qui n cha! Rt cuc ri Bell System phi gi nhng computer ca mnh l nhng my trao i tin tc, exchange machine.
Sau nhiu nm tha kin, chnh ph M ng cho php AT&T nhy vo lng ch v bn computer vi mt iu kin: Gii tn (break up) v߽ng quc Bell Sytem v cho cc Bell Con c t tr, trong c lp t do. C ngha l k t ngy ri v m (spinned off from Ma Bell) cc Bell Con c quyn ung sa b, ngha l t mnh c quyn mua my mc dng c in t ca bt c hng no mnh mun mua, ch khng phi b bt buc phi mua ca Western Electric nh xa.
Qu l mt ci gi qu c.
Яi vi chnh ph M, h bt u chn ci cnh ng ra lm cnh st, gi gi th tr߶ng khng cho vt mc ti a (price ceiling) cho cc hng t nhn. H ch mun trng cy vo s t do cnh tranh, cc hng t dm gi ln nhau s em gi th tr߶ng xung thp. Trn thc t, gi th tr߶ng c xung hay khng th cng cn ty thuc rt nhiu yu t.
Vic a cc hng b kim sot (regulated) v vi th tr߶ng t do chng khc no ku cc hng sa thi bt nhn vin. V l bin php u tin phi lm thi hnh chnh sch thc lng buc bng, chng dm n xi sang. S ng߶i tht nghip trong x ri s tng. Tnh trng vng vng (stability) ca cc hng s khng cn na v nhiu hng nh d c c hi i n tnh trng ph sn (bankrupt). l cha ni n vic cc hng M phi chy ra ngoi quc tm th tr߶ng lao cng vi gi tht r cc n߾c cha m mang, tc l v tnh xut cng cng n vic lm ra n߾c ngoi. u cng l c hi tt cho cc n߾c nhc tiu!
Cn i vi AT&T, c Chairman Charlie L. Brown li ngh rng chnh con ߶ng computer mi l con ߶ng pht trin ca hng, ch cn con ߶ng in thoi th hnh nh hng pht trin n mc tinh vi, tn cng ri. Khng cn i xa hn c na. V li, chnh ng l ng߶i bit r hn ai ht rng my exchange machine ca AT&T khng thua g computer ca IBM. ng c qu t tin khng?
Chnh quyt nh ca Charlie L. Brown (hn l quyt nh ca chnh n Harold H. Greene) a v߽ng quc Bell System n s phn chia. Hai m߽i hai Bell Con hp li thnh by Bell B (7 Regional Bell Companies**), c hߗng ch t tr hn ch v mua bn nhng vn tip tc t d߾i quyn kim sot ca chnh ph (regulated). AT&T v Western Electric gom li thnh mt, AT&T, c php hot ng trn c hai lnh vc: truyn thng vin lin (ni cc h thng vin lin ca cc Bell B li vi nhau) v ch bn computer. T߽ng t nh cc Bell B, phn vin lin ca AT&T vn cn t d߾i quyn thng tr ca chnh ph.
AT&T t t cho mnh (v cho nhn loi?) mt thi i mi sng: thi i ca d kin (information age) i chiu vi thi i tin s, thi i mi, o... ca lch s loi ng߶i. Information age cng ng v s chuyn t trn ߶ng dy te'lphone by gi khng phi ch c thun ty ging ni m cn ch vit i km (faxcimile), thm ch lun c hnh nh mu m (color video). Tt c u b bin dng (coded) tr thnh d kin, data hay information.
Ri trong mt t߽ng lai gn, thi i ca h thng ha (networking age) s xut hin. V cc computer, cng ging nh con ng߶i, khng th sng n c l loi, mt mnh mt ci. C tߗng tng trn th gii ny v ngay c ngoi tng khng gian, cc my computer ln nh ang rt mong mi c ni li vi nhau, tr chuyn tm tnh thu m sut sng. V vy, khng c g anh M anh Nht, h anh no tm c cch ni tht nhanh (short hookup time) v ߶ng ni tht ngn (short hookup) l anh s thng.
S tan r ca Bell System ra nhiu iu ng lu tm trong th gii cnh tranh gii hn. Khng c t do canh tranh, v nu c t do cnh tranh th AT&T s nm c quyn tr li, sau khi dit ht my hng truyn thng vin lin hng nh. Тng ny cc anh nh c chnh ph nng , bo v bng nhiu th lut l lnh knh. V vy cc hng MCI, US Sprint chuyn v vin lin cng ngy cng pht trin. l cha ni ti nhng hng ch to my mc cho cc trung tm vin lin (central offices) nh Northern Telecom Gia N i, Siemen c, NEC (Nippon Electronic Company, Nippon c ngha l Japan) Nht cng canh tranh ro rit vi AT&T (Western Electric c). Cn in thoi th i thi mnh ai ny ch ny bn, vng thau ln ln. Nhiu ci tr gi ch c nm by ng bc, nghe vi ba ri vt i, bng khng cng ting ng ting c. R, tin no ca ny.
Ri trong lnh vc k thut, thy AT&T bng dng khi khi nhy v ch tri computer ca mnh lm n, IBM cng a ra nhiu qui chiu chng d lm. R rng m hnh trang ca AT&T mang v ch ch c mi anh chng UNIX, con ca C language, nn IBM bn ch ra c nng XENIX cng chy t߽ng t nh vy. Tic rng c nng XENIX khng c p g cho lm nn b thin h ch. If you cannot beat them, join them (nu anh khng thng h, th nn ngi vi h), hc thuc lng cu ni ny cho nn IBM cho chy lun UNIX ca AT&T trn my ca mnh ng d bn. Lm th߽ng mi m, bn c cng nhiu tc l moi ca, vt ti thin h cng l. Mc ch chnh ch c vy thi. Ri thy cnh ch tri ca mnh cng ngy cng b ch qun bm gi chc ch d qu, IBM bn chi c phn ph, cho gy ng p lng ng, nhy v lnh vc truyn thng vin lin tn cng hu c ca AT&T. Bng cch mua t lun hoc mt s ln phn hn ca cc cng ty ch th ca AT&T nh MCI, Northern Telecom... Cng vui. Rt cuc ri cng ch cn my anh b sng.
Cho n lc AT&T nhy vo lng credit card git khch hng, thn ch ca... nh bng M th i thi trn kinh t cnh tranh qu nh ha m sa ma.
Ni cho ngay, trong my nm u sau khi break up, AT&T xung dc thy r. Sa thi nhn cng n by, tm chc ngn ng߶i. Ci thi d tin sn ca trong pht chc vt bay i. Ci tt n sung mc s߾ng quen, bng dng bt con ng߶i ta tht lng buc bng li cng kh. c mt ci trong lnh vc truyn thng vin lin AT&T vn cn li (lm nh h hng no c chnh ph kim sot, regulated, l y nh c ba h mng dn chn dn tr߾c ngc vy) nn cn p i qua ngy, chia s hon nn vi ng߶i anh em sinh sau mun. Ch mi gn y, AT&T thng nhiu v u thu (bidding contract) ln trong ngnh computer vi B Quc Phng, Khng Qun, Hi Qun..., cho nn coi nh ly li , gng ng dy c.
Tm li, qua cc cuc th hng trn mt trn kinh t th߽ng mi c tm vc quc t, ti thy nhng ban tham mu iu khin cc trn qu thc l nhng bc c ti ch khng phi l t m nh ng߶i mnh tߗng. Khng phi h b߾c ln i danh vng bng l lch ba i theo kiu gia nh tr hoc loi b ch th bng nhng hnh dng lt lng, iu ngoa, git ng߶i khng gm tay nh ng߶i mnh th߶ng lm u.
C mt iu ti hi xt xa cho AT&T v chnh ph M ni ring, nhn loi ni chung, mt im l, vi ngn khon cng ngy cng ct gim, liu Bell Laboratories, mt Lab ang gi nhiu nht 7 gii thߗng Nobel v khoa hc k thut trong c mt ci dnh cho s pht minh ra transistor, c cn l mt Lab ln hng u trong nhiu lnh vc nghin cu ca loi ng߶i khng y? Thi th c hi vng nu mt ng tng thng John F. Kennedy ny cht i th cng c mt ng tng thng John K. Kennedy khc ln thay vy. Hoc gi c mt Hirohito hay mt Nguyn, mt L... no khc cng khng bit chng!
Well, ny gi chc c l ti i lc qu xa. Thi, tr li vn ca chng ta hm nay l ti sao AT&T vn gi "vi" command lm ph߽ng php input chnh ca hng? Cu tr li cng ht sc l gin d thi. Nu ni theo ngn ng ca ngnh in ton th... rng th l n rt thn thin vi ng߶i s dng (user's very friendly). Bo m ng v mt ln l... dnh nhau sut i!
Nh ti ni qua nhiu ln tr߾c y (trn bo Vn Hc v Vn X ), "vi" command c pht minh do i hc Berkeley, California, t nhng nm u ca thp nin 70. V AT&T mua bn quyn s dng t do . Nhng ch trong nhng nm gn y, t nm 1985 th phi, khi Mortice Kern Systems Inc. bn Gia N i ch ra b software mang tn MKSToolkit (khong 200 -la theo gi hin thi, cui nm 1990), th "vi" command khng cn xa l g vi nhng ng߶i ang s dng my in ton c nhn. Ni ng ra, Mortice Kern em k thut ca cc my ln n gn my nh, t nhng my mini-comptuter xung my personal-computer. MSKToolkit bao gm rt nhiu UNIX command (look alike) ca AT&T, ln n c trm, trong c "vi" command m chng ta rt cn cho b߾c th nht: input. L d nhin, khng c nhng UNIX command ln, nh tbl, nroff , v troff . Nhng command ny vn do nh Elan Computer Group c quyn pht hnh (khong 600-700 -la theo gi hin thi).
Ni cho nhiu cng chng bng lm mt t. Th thi, ti bt tay vo vic trnh by (demonstrate) cho cc bn thy tng b߾c mt. C tߗng tng nh cc bn ang hc hm th vy. Tr߾c tin, ti phi coi nh cc bn c "vi" command (tc vi.exe file) trong ci a mm (floppy disk) ca mnh (nu bn no cha c th c xin lin lc thng vi ti nu bit a ch, bng khng qua ta son cc bo m ti c cng tc nh Vn, Lng Vn, Vn Hc... nh trao li cng rt tin). Sau khi bn gn in, bt cng tc, m my chy o o xong, v c c ci prompt, du h thng my, thng th߶ng l a:> cho nhng my khng c a cng, hard drive. Ri c tun t theo li ch dn d߾i y, chc chn bn s t hc d dng nhng ng tc cn bn cn thit cho vic input.
A. VIT BI MI (edit a new file):
Ь c mt th d c th, ti xin ngh chng ta cng vit li l n xin sao lc khai sinh (dxslks) nh cc ln tr߾c. Mun vit mt bi mi ly tn l "dxslks" bn hy g vo bng ch (keyboard) theo li ch dn d߾i y:
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vi dxslksMn nh s c bi xa sch s. Du v tr (cursor) s hin ra u hng th nht d߾i dng "du gch d߾i" (underscore), nhp nhy lin hi (blink) theo nhp tim (beat). Du ng (tilde) hin ra cc u hng k. Hng cui cng c cu:
"dxslks" [New file]
c ngha: "dxslks" l mt bi mi .
a Du v tr i t "du gch d߾i" ra "du vung", mt bt vung nh nh u mt a nhm mnh th߶ng xi bn nh, tip tc nhp nhy theo nhp tim .
Khi c c "du vung" tc l c c ߾c hiu sn sng n nhn nhng g chng ta s vit v. Thc ra khi nh ch "a" b߾c th 2, chnh l mnh lnh "append", c ngha l chng ta s vit "tip theo sau y". Bi vy k t gi pht ny h bt sa l g cht, nh ch no xung l ch y s hin ln trn mn nh ngay. L d nhin, ci "du vung" ging nh u ngi vit, s x dch hng ngang mt vung mi khi mt mu t (character) c nh vo. T߽ng t nh my nh ch, mi mu t chim mt vung trn trc ch. By gi cc bn hy chu kh b ra vi pht nh vo nhng dng d߾i y. Nh l ch tm nh cho thit trng tng ch mt, k c du xung hng (, carriage return). Bt u bng ch VIT NAM CNG HA... ch ny m bn lm sai mt nt th chc ch c n߾c... tt n lm li (reboost).
VI.T NAM C.NG HO `A
Ti?nh D^i.nh Tu,o, `ng
Thi. Xa ~ My ~ Tho
To `a So, Th?m My ~ Tho
D^O,N XIN SAO LU.C KHAI SINH
Ki 'nh gu,?i ng Cha 'nh Lu.c Su,. To `a So, Th?m My ~ Tho:
Ti ky ' tn du,o, 'i d^y la ` Nguy ~n Vavn X, sinh nga `y 1 tha 'ng 1 navm 1901 ta.i xa ~ D^i `u Ho `a, qu.n Chu Tha `nh, ti?nh D^i.nh Tu,o, `ng; la ` con cu?a ng Nguy ~n Vavn Y va ` ba ` Tr `n Thi. Z; hi.n cu, ngu. ta.i nha ` s ' 111 d^u,o, `ng Ly ' Thu,o, `ng Ki.t n 'i da `i, thi. xa ~ My ~ Tho.
Trn tro.ng d^. d^o,n na `y d^ 'n xin ng cho ti sao lu.c 10 ba?n khai sinh d^? ti.n du.ng.
Trong khi cho, ` d^o,.i su,. ch 'p thu.n cu?a ng, mong ng nh.n no,i d^y lo `ng tha `nh ki 'nh va ` bi 't o,n cu?a ti.
La `m ta.i My ~ Tho nga `y 1 tha 'ng 1 navm 1990.
Nay Ki 'nh
(Ky ' Tn) Nguy ~n Vavn X
D^i 'nh ke `m:
- Ba?n tri 'ch lu.c khai sanh. - L. phi '.
Khi n du chm cu sau cng ca ch "L ph", th lm tip lun nhng ng tc sau y:
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Cng nn ghi nhn du l du escape, nhng khng c ngha l vt thot g ht m ch l lm xong mt cng vic vy thi. Du c bit ny c sn trn bng ch (keyboard). Sau khi n du ., "du v tr" (cursor) bin i t "du vung" tr li "du gch d߾i" (underscore). V vn tip tc nhp nhy lin hi
:w D nhin "w" c ngha l write, tc vit. C ngha l bi c vit gi li trong a mm (floppy disk) .
:q V "q" c ngha l quit, tc l ngng vit. Mi vic coi nh xong. V du prompt a:> ca h thng my cng c hon tr tr li .
Qua phn trn, cc bn d dng hc c 5 ng tc cn v cho vic vit mt bi mi. Nu cc bn giu tߗng tng mt cht th cc bn s thy vic vit mt bi mi bng "vi" command cng ging nh vic... "i trng hoa" vy thi. R rng, ng tc "vi dxslks" l m ca b߾c vo v߶n hoa, cn ng tc ":q" (quit) l khp ca li, ri khi v߶n hoa. Hin nhin v߶n hoa mi lp ny cha c mt cm hoa no ht, bi vy ng tc "a" (append) ng l ngi xung trng hoa, mi mt cm hoa l mt ch, mi cnh hoa l mt mu t. i, hoa thm trong c l n mi p lm sao! Ri ng tc "" (escape) l ng dy, thi, khng trng hoa na. Cui cng, tr߾c khi khp ca ri v߶n hoa, ng tc ":w" (write) l chp li mt "p" hnh gi lm k nim. Mt k nim nh i trong tr nh ca... computer. Tm li, vic vit mt bi mi tc l vic "trng hoa v߶n mi" cn d hn... n ch, c phi?
B. VIT BI C (edit an old file):
Vic vit bi c hay l vic "trng hoa v߶n c" th cng chng c g kh khn ht. C phn d hn vic "trng hoa v߶n mi" na l khc. May ph߾c, ti nh cc bn chp li mt tm hnh ca v߶n hoa "n xin sao lc khai sinh, dxslks" cho nn by gi chng ta mang n ra lm "v߶n hoa c" cng tin lm. Vy hy tip tc lm nhng ng tc sau:
еng TcKt Qu
vi dxslksCc bn s thy nguyn l "n xin sao lc khai sinh" m cc bn nh my vo computer lc ny s hin ra trn mn nh. D nhin ch c 24 hng u thi. V mi mn nh ca personal computer th߶ng th߶ng ch cha ti a 24 hng, mi hng 80 mu t abc. Du v tr (cursor) bng "du gch d߾i" (underscore) xut hin v tr u hng th nht nh th߶ng l. Hng th 24 c cu:
"dsxslk" 51 lines, 918 characters
c ngha: "dxslks" l bi c c c thy 51 hng v 918 mu t, k c khong trng. Nu bn no khng c hai s 51 v 918 ng y boong l lm sai i cht, nhng cng chng h g .
:q Du prompt a:> ca h thng s xut hin tr li ( chp hnh k nim ri, khng cn chp na) .
Qua phn va ri, cc bn khng hc thm ng tc no mi ht. Ch lm li hai ng tc "m ca b߾c vo v߶n hoa", thy hoa thm trng lnh khnh trong , xong, "khp ca li ri khi v߶n hoa". Th thi.
C. SA BI C (edit and change an old file):
Vic thnh lp "v߶n hoa mi", thm nom "v߶n hoa c" coi nh thng qua. Nhng, cng vic thit thc nht phi ni l chm sc v߶n hoa. Trng thm hoa mi, bng i hoa c chng hn. Ri trng u v vt i nhng khm hoa no. Hay ch cn t߾i n߾c vun phn, sa li nhng cm hoa ho a l c ri. Nhng ng tc s nn tng cm hoa, tng cnh hoa rt nh nhng ny s c trnh by chi tit d߾i y. Nhng, tr߾c tin bn phi "m ca b߾c vo v߶n hoa" ci :
еng TcKt Qu
vi dxslksGing nh ng tc 1 phn B. T "n xin sao lc khai sinh" s xut hin nguyn con trn mn nh. Hng d߾i cng c cu:
"dsxslk" 51 lines, 918 characters
nh th߶ng l .
a. DI CHUYN DU V TR (Cursor):
Tip theo y, bn s hc qua cch i do v߶n hoa. Tc l cch di chuyn du v tr sang phi, qua tri v vng ln, ngc xung. T hi giai huynh , bn b c bn bin. Rt d dng, mun i bin no, h߾ng no cng c. Ch cn n cc du (keys) c hnh mi tn ch bn h߾ng ng ty nam bc nm trong khu nh s, pha bn phi ca bng ch. Cc bn c nhn ra khng? Khng g tr ngi ht? Well, c tr ngi chng ch l v khu nh s ny nm hi xa cc mu t thi. Nhng ng߶i nh my chuyn nghip khng thch xi my keys ny, lm chm li nhp nh ca h v phi chm ti, nhy lui (bo m khng thnh vn i vi nhng ai g mi mt ngn nh c m). Ь lm va lng nhng input operator thin ngh, "vi" c programmed bn keys khc s dng ging nh bn keys c mi tn. l cc keys c mu t "h", "j", "k", v "l" nm lin t t vi nhau trn bn u ngn tay ca bn tay phi (tr ngn ci dnh chobar). Ngoi ra, nhng keys thng dng nh khong trng , xung hng , v tht li vn c xi song song vi nhng keys va k trn. Tm li, nhng ng tc di chuyn du v tr trong file, tc l "i do v߶n hoa", s c tm lc nh d߾i y:
еng TcKt Qu
, l,Di chuyn sang phi mt nc (mt mu t).
, h,Di chuyn sang tri mt nc (mt mu t).
, k Di chuyn ln trn mt hng.
, j Di chuyn xung d߾i mt hng.
Vi hnh thc "i do v߶n hoa" theo kiu ny, du v tr (cursor) ch l߾t qua cc mt ch m thi, bo m khng lm mt mt, h hao mt mu t no ht. Bn c lm th i. Nh rng ci du v tr ca bn ang nm ti v tr u hng th nht, bn gc tri trn cao. Tt nhin bn khng th i ln hoc i sang tri c na. Ch cn i xung v sang phi thi. Th d, bn mun i ti mu t M ca ch "M Tho", bn c th g 2 lnhoc "j" xung hng th ba v n 9 ln hoc "l" sang v tr th 9 ca mu t M. Lm th i. No, nu bn n c mu t M khng g tr ngi, ti dm bo m bn c th di chuyn n bt c ch no ch no bn mun.
Vi cch di chuyn tng hng mt tng mu t mt va ni trn, l d nhin, bn vn c th i n bt c ch no ch no bn mun thit. Nhng, i lc, phi ni l hi chm. Th tߗng tng mt cun tiu thuyt dy i ba trm trang, tng s hng trong file s vt s ngn, th vic di chuyn du v tr theo kiu hng sang hng, hng ngn ln nh vy phi ni l qu chm. C nhiu cch di chuyn theo b߾c nhy vt, nhng theo ti, ph߽ng php di chuyn theo kiu tm... "ch mu" (pattern) c l l mt ph߽ng php tin li nht. Th d bn mun tm ch mu "Nguy" (khng phi Ngy nghen) trong l "n xin sao lc khai sinh" chng hn, bn c lm cc ng tc ny:
еng TcKt Qu
/NguyNgay sau khi bn nh du /, bn s thy n c in ra hng d߾i cng ca mn nh. Tip theo, ch "Nguy" cng c in ra k bn . Khi bn nh du th computer bt u chy i tm "ch mu". Bo m trong nhy mt computer s tm ra ngay v ci du v tr bng "du gch d߾i" s dng li ngay ti mu t N ca ch mu "Nguy", du c cch nhau my trm hng i na.
/Computer s chy tip, i tm ch mu "Nguy" th hai. V cng dng li ti mu t N ca ch "Nguy" k tip.
/Computer s chy tip na, tm ch mu "Nguy" th ba. Nhng v khng c ch mu "Nguy" th ba cho nn computer quay v ch mu th nht. R, computer t n cng khng thot khi vng ln qun ca bnh xe lun hi.
/YComputer chuyn h߾ng i tm ch mu mi, ch mu "Y", v dng li ti mu t Y ca ch Nguyn Vn Y. Th d ny cho bit bn c th i h߾ng i ti nhng ni khc bt c lc no.
b. SA CH SAI, XA CH THA:
Sau khi di chuyn lung tung khp chn tri gc bin, by gi n phn quan trng hn: "sa sai". Ph߽ng cch "sa sai" y chc chn hay hn cc l li "sa sai" ca cng sn nhiu. V tt c u c tht s hon ton "i mi", khng phi "i mi" tng phn hn ch g c. Xa i lm li t u. Th d nh trong l "n xin sao lc khai sinh", ng߶i ng n l Nguyn Vn X, by gi bn mun i tn X thnh tn Trn chng hn, bn c th lm theo kiu sau y:
еng TcKt Qu
/X Di chuyn du v tr n mu t X bng ph߽ng php tm "ch mu" nh cc bn va hc hm th bn trn.
cw Hai mu t "cw" l ch vit tt ca hai ch change word, c ngha l i ch. Mt du "$" (ng) s hin ra mu t cui, nhng v ch X ch c mi mt mu t cho nn du "$" nm chng ln thay th ch X.
Trn Ch Trn c nh vo v du "$" b xa i, thay th bi du v tr hnh vung.
Xong ng tc i ch. Du v tr hnh vung c thay th bi "du gch d߾i".
Va ri, bn hc qua ng tc i ch. By gi, qua ng tc xa ch th li cng gin d hn. Th d nh bn mun bin anh chng Nguyn Vn Trn thnh Nguyn Trn, ngha l xa b ch Vn. Tr߾c ht, bn di chuyn du v tr n mu t V ca ch Vn (c th bng ph߽ng cch tm "ch mu"), ri lm nhng ng tc ny:
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x Mu t V b xa i. Nh vy, "x" chnh l command dng xa mt mu t.
x Tip tc, mu t a b xa i.
x Du ( (bv) b xa i.
x Du sc (')b xa i.
x Mu t n b xa i.
x V sau cng l khong trngcng b xa i. Cng vic xa ch Vn coi nh hon tt.
Vi hai ng tc chnh "cw" v "x" va mi trnh by, k nh l rt y lm cng tc "sa sai" hoc "xa i lm li" trong khi sa bi. Nhng, tng vn tc sa sai v xa i lm li, theo kiu cng sn ng u trn ߶ng chy ua quay v vi t bn vy, ng߶i ta cn ra ng tc "" na, l ng tc xa tng hng mt. Ta hy lm th. Th d nh mun bi b hng cui cng, gt ra phn "ng l ph" cho b con tn km chng hn. Vy, tr߾c ht, bn hy di chuyn du v tr n bt c im no trn dng c ch "L ph", ri lm ng tc sau y:
еng TcKt Qu
Nguyn hng ny b xa i tc th.
Tm li, qua phn trn, cc bn thng qua 3 command chnh trong s nhng command dng sa i bi vn. l "cw", i ch, "x", xa tng mu t, v "", xa tng hng mt.
c. THM CH MI:
hc bt ri th gi phi hc thm, c xa th phi c to cho n hu. Ng߶i i th߶ng ni: ph th d, ch xy th kh. Nhng, thc ra, trong ngh input ny ph hay xy g cng vy thi. Xy c phn d hn l khc. D l v cc bn bit qua ri, v c th v rnh qu nn qun thi. ng l cc bn lm t u, t khuya. Ь khi li ni lng, ti t d bn mun bin anh chng "Nguyn Trn" (ch Vn b xa ri) thnh mt anh chng di hn: "Nguyn inh l l Trn". Tc phi thm vo gia ba ch "inh l l" na. By gi bn hy di chuyn du v tr n khong trng gia hai ch Nguyn v Trn, ri lm ng tc sau y:
еng TcKt Qu
a Tc l append, c ngha "vit tip theo sau y". chnh l ng tc u tin m bn lm khi nh ton b l n xin sao lc khai sinh vo computer! Cc bn nhn ra cha? Du v tr vung (editing mode) thay th du v tr gch d߾i ("vi" mode).
d^inhl Theo qui ߾c ca lut append n nh, ba ch "inh l l" c thm vo sau ch Nguyn (l c ngha l space, khong trng).
Vn thm bt, thit m ni, chng c g tr ngi phi khng cc bn? D n khng ng, c phi? Nhng ch ny, ti xin m ra mt du ngoc nh, ni thm vi cc bn rng: append c mt ng߶i anh em song sinh gi l insert, tc l nht vo. C ngha l vit thm ng tr߾c mu t m du v tr ang ng. Cng mt th d trn, thm vo ba ch "inh l l", bn c th di chuyn du v tr n khong trng gia hai ch Nguyn v Trn, ri dng "i" command (insert) thay v "a" command (append) th cng cng i n mt kt qu nh nhau. Nh l phi lmcommand tr v "vi mode" t "editing mode" th thi.
trn cc bn c bit ng tc xa tng hng, "", th y, t߽ng t nh vy chng ta cng c ng tc thm tng hng. Cho mt th d c th l bn mun thm vo hng ni v l ph m bn xa trn. Mun lm vy, bn ch cn di chuyn du v tr n hng cui c ch "nh km" ri lm ng tc sau y:
еng TcKt Qu
o Tc l open, m ra hng mi. Du v tr vung (editing mode) thay th du v tr gch d߾i ngay u hng trng mi m ra.
-L Hng l ph c thm vo nh c (ph . c ngha l space, khong trng).
Xong ng tc thm hng. Du v tr hnh vung c thay th bi du v tr gch d߾i.
Theo di n y chc cc bn mi mt qu ri. Thi th cng nn "chp mt bc hnh" ca "v߶n hoa va c vun bn chm sc" lm k nim, bng cch s dng hai command quen thuc: ":w" v ":q". Cn nu bn mun gi li y nguyn v߶n hoa c, b ht nhng g bn va t߾i n߾c, ri phn... bn c th xi command mi ny: ":q!" (quit, discard changes).
Ь kt thc vn hm nay, ti xin vn tt rng, vi 14 command m bn va hc hm th, l m hnh trang vo i cho bn nhp cuc vit bi trn my in ton c nhn, personal computer. M߶i bn command c th tm tt li nh sau: vi filename, j (move down), k (move up), h (move letf), l move right), a (append with), i (insert with , v cui cng l :q! (quit, discard changes) .), x (delete a character), cw (change word with ), o (open a line with ), (delete a line),:w (write),:q (quit)
C mt iu cn ni thm, nhng ng߶i vit program coi vy ch th߶ng hay tt bng, h lun lun cho ng߶i xi program ca mnh nhng g nhiu hn ng߶i ta cn. Bi vy nu cc bn mun lm mt ng߶i xi program tt bng, ngha l lm sing, th sau y l bng tm lc hng chc command khc m bn c th t hc, t m thm. Ti coi y nh l "mt mn qu thn hu" gia ti i vi cc bn vy.
VI QUICK REFERENCES
Starting vi
% vi name edit name a top
% vi +n name ... at line n
% vi + name ... at end
% vi -rlist save files
% vi -r name recover file name
% vi name ...edit first; rest via:n
% vi -t tag start at tag
Simple Commands
dwdelete a word
3dwdelete 3 words
delete a line
3delete 3 lines
i textinsert text abc...
a textappend text abc...
cw newchange word to new
ea spluralize word
xptranspose characters
File Manipulation
:wwrite back changes
:wqwrite and quit
:qquit
:q!quit, discard changes
:e name edit file name
:e!reedit, discard changes
:e + nameedit, starting at end
:e +nedit, starting at line n
:e #edit alternate file
:w name write file name
:w! name overwrite file name
:shrun shell, then return
:! cmd run cmd , then return
:nedit next file
:n args specify new args list
:fshow current file and line
^Gsynonym for:f
:ta tag to tag file entry tag
Positioning within file
^Fforward screenful
^Bbackward screenful
^Dscroll down half screen
^Uscroll up half screen
Ggoto line (end default)
/ pat find matching pat (down)
? pat find maching pat (up)
Adjusting the screen
^Lclear and redraw
zredraw, current line at top
z-... at bottom
z.... at center
/ pat /z- pat line at bottom
z n .use n line window
Marking and returning
``previous context
''... at first non-white in line
m x mark position with letter x
` x to mark x
' x ... at first non-white in line
Line positioning
Hhome window line
Llast window line
Mmiddle window line
+next line, at first non-white
-previous line, at first non-white
return, same as +
^Nnext line, same column
^Pprevious line, same column
LFlinefeed, sane as ^N
Character positioning
0beginning of line
$end of line
forward
^Hbackward
hsame as ^H
f x find x forward
F x f backward
t x upto x forward
T x back up to x
;repeat last f, F, t, or T
,inverse of;
Words, sentences, paragraphs
wword forward
bword forward
eend of word
)next to sentence
}next to paragraph
(back sentence
{back paragraph
Wblank delimited word
Bback W
Eto end of W
Insert and replace
aappend after cursor
iinsert before
Aappend at end of line
Iinsert before first non-blank
oopen line belove
Oopen above
r x replace single character with x
Rreplace characters
Miscellaneous operations
Cchange rest of line
elete rest of line
ssubstitude characters
SSubstitude lines
Jjoin lines
xdelete characters
X... before cursor
Yyank lines
Yank and put
pput back lines
Pput before
" x pput from buffer x
" x yyank to buffer x
" x elete into buffer x
Undo, redo, retrieve
uundo last change
Urestore current line .repeat last change
Ghi Ch:
* Hai m߽i hai Baby Bell gm c: Bell Telephone Company of Nevada, Illinois Bell Telephone Company, Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Incorporated, Michigan Bell Telephone Company, New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, Ney Jersey Bell Telephone Company, New York Telephone Company, Northwestern Bell Telephone Company, Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company, South Central Bell Telephone Company, Southern Bell Telephone anh Telegraph Company, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia, The Diamond State Telephone Company, The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, The Ohio Bell Telephone Company, The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, Wisconsin Telephone Company,
** By Regional Bell gm c: AMERITECH, American Information Technologies Corporation, bao gm Illinois Bell, Indiana Bell, Michigan Bell, Ohio Bell , v Wisconsin Bell . Bell Atlantic Corporation, bao gm New Jersey Bell, Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, The C&P Telephone Companies , v Diamond State Telephone Company . BellSouth Corporation, bao gm South Central Bell v Southern Bell . NYNEX Corporation, bao gm New York Telephone v New England Telephone . Pacific Telesis Group, bao gm Pacific Bell v Nevada Bell . Southwestern Bell Corporation, gi nguyn nh c USWest, Inc., bao gm Mountain Bell, Northwestern Bell , v Pacific Northwest Bell .
07. MT K NIM ЉP
NGUYN TN HNG
Chc cc bn nhn ra bi vit ngy hm nay, Mt K Nim Щp , c in ra d߾i dng hai ct nh? Ti c lm nh vy nhm mc ch trnh by cho cc bn thy thm mt kh nng c bit khc ca troff. Troff (c l ty-rp), mt tin phung (pioneer) trong ngnh xp ch bng my in ton ca AT&T Bell Laboratories*. Vi ti, troff l mt anh chng thch lm mi tr.
In hai ct c th in ba ct c. In ba ct c th in bn ct c. In bn ct c th in... nhiu ct c. Ni trng ra l multi-columns theo ting M. Tm li, vi kh nng c bit ny, troff c th dng layout nhng trang sch, bo, v tp ch. c ln nh v d߾i nhiu dng thc di ngn, dc ngang ngang dc. Mt cch rt l d dng, hu hiu, v tin li. Nhng, thin ngh, c l ch i vi nhng ai bit rnh troff nh ti? Well, cng ng mt phn. Tuy troff l mt th ngn ng hi kh hiu, unfriendly language, nhng khng phi l khng hc c! Bng c l ng߶i Vit mnh, hu ht ai lm cho AT&T, u bit qua.
Lm bo khc vi lm vn ch߽ng. Vit bo khc vi vit truyn ngn, truyn di, v hin nhin rt khc vi lm th. Nhiu anh ch bn ch bo, ch bt ti quen cho bit nh vy. H cn ni thm, i khi: "Lm bo l lm th߽ng mi, business, v vit bo l v ra tin." i ch, c phi tht nh vy khng y? Ngha l hon ton khng c v lm cha, vit cha? Nu ng nh vy th theo ti ngh, nu ai mun thc s nhy ra lm bo, vit bo th hy c qun i ci cu c phn ng o, lm dng: ti no c rao bn ci vn ch߽ng ti...
C th ni ci mng ca phn ln nhng ng߶i cm bt l, n mt giai on no , t mnh ng ra trng coi mt t bo. Mt t bo vn hc ngh thut thun ty. Bng khng th cng mt t bo... i. Ri trong lc trng coi t bo, nu tr߾c h l nhng ng߶i lm vn ch߽ng chn chnh, th by gi chc h phi tinh luyn thm... php phn thn. Cho n mc thng tha. Ti thiu, h phi bit x lm ba. V t lu, dm ni h rnh php phn thn lm hai ri: mt con ng߶i cm bt trong mt con ng߶i bng x߽ng bng tht ca i sng x hi hng ngy.
Nhng m, em i, nu mng (lm bo) khng thnh th sao ... Th sao? D qu, th kim vic khc m lm! Vic g? Nu cc bn c c tip nhng dng lm cm d߾i y th ti bo m bn s c vic lm ngay tr߾c mt, khng cn phi than van non cao bin rng bit u m tm ... ci mc x g ht.
Mun lm bo th tr߾c ht ng߶i lm bo phi c kh nng v dng c lm bo. Ti thiu cng c my typesetting v layout. Typesetting l xp ch. Hay ni nm na ra l nh my theo mt khun kh di rng c n nh tr߾c. Hoc xa hn v c k hn mt cht l xp bn km tng khun mt. Cn layout l cch trnh by tng trang bo, trang sch. Hay ni nm na ra l ct dn nhng ct bo v tng trang mt. Vi k thut ngy mt tn tin nh hin nay, c hai th typesetting v layout u c th lm c ht, mt cch t ng, bng my in ton c nhn. C ngha l, ba ci th lnh knh nh dao, ko, h, keo, v my nh ch coi nh khng cn thit na.
Phn typesetting th dn dn tr nn qu n gian. D n ch nh l c g t߾i ht sen v file trn computer l xong. My in ton ri s nhn c ch th sp xp li ngn np, cn thn, di rng th߾c tc phn minh, u vo y.
Phn layout th hi rc ri hn mt cht. нn gin nht l layout mt trang sch. Khng c h ha, hot ha, minh ha g ro tri. Ch ton ch l ch. Phc tp hn mt cht xu na l nhng trang bo c km hnh v, my loi ha phm ti va ni qua (nu l ha s th thit th khi ni, v thng lun trn my cho tin).
Ъn lc phi cn ng thm my tm hnh chp (pictures) mi l iu ng lo ngi. tt c mi th xa hoa phung ph trn ci i ny: nh lu, xe hi, v... ng߶i p (i khi bt rt khng chu mc o qun). Ni g th ni, mun ghi li trung thc nhng mn c tin ny, ng߶i ta phi sm ci scanner. Scanner l my c (hay my lic?) nhng chi tit tng hng ngang nh nh t, tc. Sau khi ghi nhn xong nhng chi tit cn thit trong cc bc nh nu trn, th layout cn phi ngh ti nhng khung nh na ch: vung, trn, ch nht, oval... Ь t n v, trm tr, ngm ngha, xem cho mn nhn.
Cng vic ny ri cng d thi. V by gi, cc software loi WYSIWYG (c l qut-si-qut, what you see is what you get , anh s in ra y chang ci g anh thy trn mn nh) nh Page-Maker, Frame-Maker, Ventura... u c cung cp dao, ko, h, keo bng in t. Thm ch cn ch cho cch phng i, thu nh, xp, lt nga, dm xo, ng nghing na. Tm li, ng߶i lm bo thi nay cng chy tri khng khi nng, vn cn ct dn di di. Nhng vn minh hn, ch bit ct dn theo li in t m thi.
Ni cho cng, rc ri nht l phi lm mt lt hai th, va typesetting v va layout. Ngha l va xp ch v va ct dn vng vng, xung quanh cc hnh chp, hnh v . Ngon ngoo, un o, cong queo. C khi ging con trng li lim, c khi l cm my vn cu. Hoc gi dinh еc Lp nm trn Ng Gic i... i thi, mun ngn hnh tng trong ci ci ta b ny. Vy m ri cng c ng߶i lm c, mi hay. ng bn hin troff ca ti cng lm c, d nhin. Nhng kh khn hn, v khng thy c trn mn nh PC, personal computer (c th thy c vi mn nh DMD, dot mapped display, mc tin). Chnh v vy, ti hay gi a ci ca ti l WYGIWYT (c l qut-ghi-qut, what you get is what you think , anh s in ra ci g anh ngh l anh s c).
Ъn y, sau phn ct dn bng in t v thy r rng trn mn nh, ng߶i lm bo c th in ra bn mu m M hay gi l repro (ch vit gn ca ch reproduction, tc l sn xut rp khun theo bn mu). Vi bn mu c trong tay, nh bo c th chp ra m bn (negative) ri giao cho nh in, hoc a lun cho nh in nu bn mu ny c in trn giy lng c trng mt lp film mng (t߽ng t nh plastic) c gi l d߽ng bn (positive). Ri nu c tin nhiu nhiu mt cht, nh bo ta c th kim thm mt chc v na. Nhy ra lm ch nh in. Bng cch sm lun my in (printing press), my xp (collating machine), my ng (binding machine), v my ct (cutting machine). L d nhin ba ci ng ny cng knh v nng vn.
Яi vi ring ti, kh nng vit bo th chc khng c, nhng kh nng lm bo th ti c. Ni g ch chuyn typesetting v layout th ti lm h rm nh n cm ba. Tuy nhin, ti sao ti khng nhy ra trng coi mt t bo ca ring mnh? Ti sao mng khng thnh? Mn i, mng khng thnh l ti v ci x vn minh bc nht nh ny coi vy ch khng phi d di tn t tiu bang ny sang tiu bang khc. Nh i t n߾c ny sang n߾c khc. i chi th c. Ch cn i lun h, vn chy cng n vic lm cho ph hp vi kh nng, s thch ca mnh k cng trn thn lm. Khng phi nh Vit Nam h mun lm bo th dng tut ln Si Gn l xong. Tr߾c, n nh u vi bn b, ri sau , t t gy dng c nghip. V li, bn ny, l߽ng lm bo khng ung c ph ni g nui gia nh. Cho nn bn vn bn th ta th߶ng c phi bm theo ci job chnh, cho thoi mi tm thn gi tr߾c . Ri ci nghip bo... i ph thuc kia, c cng c m khng c cng chng sao.
Bi bit mng khng thnh, cho nn ti bn phi tm ci g khc lm. Min ci g khc c lin quan t nhiu vi ch ngha l ti vui. Trn cc mt bo, nhiu ln ti lm bn v ti "Lm p...," vy th c nm ly ci s tr߶ng ca mnh m m tim "Lm p..." cho xong. M tim? i, nghe sao c v th߽ng mi, business, lm sao y! Khng my hp vi tnh ti. Thi th c nho v nm mi danh li, phong trn cho bit vi ng߶i ta.
Lm p, phi chng l mt ngh mi hi ngoi? Hay r rng hn: Xp ch ting Vit, mt ngnh th߽ng mi mi? C l ng nh vy! Mt ngh mi, mt ngnh mi! Nhng li ging ging nh ci ngh c: gii phu thm m . Ai thch lm p th tm ti thi. Ch khc chng l vn ... ht bc, qu mt tri mt vc. Mt ng th ht bc ngn, cn mt ng th ht bc cc. Vy m, vi ci t l qu khim nh߶ng mt phn m߶i ngn , cng c lm ng߶i bon chen.
Tr߾c khi nhy vo ngh c v hi-tech ny, ti cng b cng thm d, tham kho tnh hnh khp mi ni. Nhn chung, nhng cng ng ln nh Cali, Houston, Toronto... cc tim lm typesetting ch Vit cng "sng" c lm. C nhiu tim c qu, khch hng phi i nhiu tun, c khi hng i ba thng mi nhn c xp repro ca mnh. C nhiu tim phi m߾n thm ng߶i nh my ngy m m cng khng kp. Gi biu trung bnh c th ni t 3 n 4 -la cho mi trang sch, v t 5 n 7 -la cho mi trang bo kh tp ch (vo cui nm 1990). l tnh lun c hai th typsetting v layout.
S d ti dm ng ra m tim l cng c nhiu nguyn do. C s nh vy. Ban u, ti c ni vi cc bn vn bn th ti quen, rng, ai mun lm typesetting v layout tc phm ca mnh th a y ti lm gip gim cho. Lm cha, l d nhin! Cng c nhiu ng߶i thch ci mc lm cha ny lm, nhng cng c ng߶i khng. Nhiu ng߶i khng thch phi mang n ti sut i, nn h "i" tr tin sng phng. Ti suy ngh hoi, ng no cng bn, mt ng߶i lm ly tin cn mt ng߶i lm cho khng coi sao ng. Thnh th, thi th lm ly tin ht quch cho xong.
Trong lc tr d tu hu ni khi khi th d lm, nhng n lc bt tay v vng, lm n thit mi thy kh dng my. Phi n ni lm sao y bn b chu a tc phm ca h cho mnh lm typesetting v layout ng ly tin b ti? Kh qu! K qu! Th cng c my ng ch bt vn ch߽ng chnh tng nh mnh i xin qung co ly tin, t cc ng ch tim th߽ng mi vy thi. C l cn kh hn mt bc. V ng ny "khch hng" khng phi l my ng ch tim th߽ng mi giu sang kia, m l my bn vn bn th lm khi ngho nn, kh kh ca mnh. Ti c ln lm ci v mt dy my dn ny ri nn ti bit. Nu cc bn c ai mun m tim nh ti, tt hn ht, nn giao phc ci cng vic lin lc vi "khch hng" kia cho mt ng... qun l hay mt v... ti ph no th d th hn.
Cng ging nh my hng ln ca M nh IBM, AT&T, Digital, Hewlett-Packard... ti ngy lo i u thu (bidding) cc contract, ti cng lo i u thu my cun sch ang cn nm trong tnh trng thai nghn. Ch nhm vo th tr߶ng sch v thi. Th tr߶ng bo ch th k nh hu tin. V cc v ch bo th߶ng hc qua ngh lm p v c dng c lm p, tc my typsetting v layout ring. Ngay c nhng ch bo... l ci, cng vy. Nhng tri bt dung nhn ng, ti cng "trng thu" lai rai. Nh , ti nghin cu v lm thm mt vi vic cn phi lm. Nh du ct (gi l cut mark hay crop mark ) chng hn. Ch nh in th߶ng hay i hi phi c ci du ny trn nhng trang repro, cng vic ca h c gin tin, tri chy hn.
Nh lm typesetting cho bn b, ti c ghi nhn mt iu vui vui. Уt cu hi nh th ny. Hnh nh xa nay cc bn vn bn th ta h a tc phm ca mnh cho nh xut bn l k nh ht nhim v vi a con tinh thn ca mnh? Phi, thng th߶ng h khng c chuyn g lm khc hn l nm nh, ch i trong thp thm, hi hp ngy cho i ca tc phm. Chng bit dung nhan, mt mi ca n ri s ra lm sao. Th thi. Bi vy nhiu ng߶i vn hay khc rng khi bng a con tinh thn ca mnh vo lng. V sai li chnh t nhiu qu, c khi phi lm thm nhng trang nh chnh. V nhy hng hoc trng hng, lm khi lp li c on. V ln trang, c khi nhiu trang dy n c xp. V c khi in chng trang ny ln trang kia, en thui thi li khng c c. Th ra h cha mt ln c hn hnh d li bn tho (proof reading) ca mnh tr߾c khi a vo my in, in ra thnh sch bay i khp mun ph߽ng. Ti thit. Ъn lc ti gi bn tho (draft copy) cho tc gi c li, sa li theo mnh ln cui, h hi lng v bit ti lm vic cn thn n mc no. Nhng vn than tri nh bng: c li bn tho sao m n ngn ngm v bun ng qu tri! Thit tnh, con ng߶i ta h c voi th i tin.
Ni ng ra cng vic cc nhc, nhng rt quan trng v mt th gi nhiu nht trong tim lm p, l vn nh my, input. Bi vy ti giao khon phn ny cho b ch h ca ti. Cn vn chy troff v in ra bng laser printer th ti lo. V n d i vi ti, c ci mng c lm hoi, xi hoi. Bi vy cho nn khi nhn tin th lao, ti vn hay giao ht cho b ch. Ti ch ly mt ng tng trung. Mt quan tin cng khng bng mt ng tin thߗng l vy. Thߗng y chnh l nim vui ly ca ti khi thy bn b, bng hu bng lng vi nhng g h c trn tay, tr߾c khi giao cho nh xut bn. Thߗng y cng l nhng mn qu lt vt m b ch ti th߶ng hay mua cho ti.
Ti bit kh nng g ch ca b ch h ti ch mc trung bnh, khong 40 ch mt pht tr li. Nhng cho nhng ai mun lm le hc i m tim nh ti thy, ti k ra y mt vi con s lm bng. Sau khi ghi nhn gi gic thit trng v cng tr nhn chia thit cn thn, tin l߽ng hng gi ca ch tnh ra, sao m khim nh߶ng: chng 3 n 4 -la m thi. R thua xa nhng ng߶i ang cm my ct c. Ch c mi mt ci n hu l c dim phc c sch tr߾c thin h, tr߾c khi ra l vy thi (ch thch c tc phm trong lc nh my).
Nhng g ti ni trn y l nhm vo ph߽ng php typesetting v layout tht gin d ca ti! Cn nu nh p dng nhng ph߽ng php lm p cu k ca nhng ai khc th cn "kh cc" n mc no na y?
M c thit "kh cc" nh ti on khng? Chc cng ty ng߶i!
Tnh c, ti c xem qua mt vi cch lm p khc m bn b ti c ng߶i ang s dng. im ny ti bng hi tc c߶i khi nh li c mt ci qung co m ai nh c tnh t tuyn d߽ng cng trng ca mnh mt cch hi qu ng. H mc nhin tuyn b m ln rng h l: Ni duy nht ch to ting Vit nh ch tr߾c du sau... Hoc l: Ni duy nht ch to ting Vit c th in trn tt c cc loi my in hin i... K ra th nhng li tuyn b ny phi ni rng khng hn l ng cho lm. Nhng, nhy vo vng th߽ng mi ri th trnh sao khi nhng tr th߽ng mi.
Phi cng nhn cc b ch Vit Nam ch theo li WYSIWYG p thit. Mu m na. Thy sao in ra vy nu bn c lun my in mu, color laser printer, c phi vy khng? Tr߾c sau g nhng nhm nghin cu xp ch Vit ri cng s i vo con ߶ng m thi. Khi gi c ca cc my in mu st xung bt. Nhng, theo thin , ti thy vn nh my, input, trong nhng b software ny cng cn nhiu tr ngi. V cc du v cc ch c du, hin nhin. Ngoi nm du sc huyn hi ng nng v cc du , , , v c thay th bng cc f-keys (t f1 n f9 chng hn), xi cho nhng ch c du n, cc ch c du kp u phi nh hai ln bng mt ph߽ng php hi cu k mt cht: ctl key ri mt key ch. Rt khc vi ctl ch, lm cng mt lc. Khng xi nh shift key khi nh cc ch hoa. i khi nh bng lit k d߾i y:
ctlqwert
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ctluiop[
ctlasdfg
ctljkl;'
ctlzxcvb
ctlnm,./
iu ny lm ti c tߗng ng߶i sng ch nhng b ch ny ang i st li. V nh li ngy no khi ti chp chng b߾c vo ngh lm p ti cng design lun mt hi 134 ch c du cho b ch Vit ca ti (67 ch th߶ng v 67 ch hoa). Ln ln, tin b hn, ti gom li cn 9 du cn bn phi xi: sc, huyn, nng, hi, ng, , , cng vi , v . Ti li khng ng g ti cc f-keys (function keys) hay ctl-keys (control keys), nhm gin tin cng nhiu cng tt cho ng߶i nh my. Tt c u l ch th߶ng, t a ti z, t 0 n 9... vy thi. V ti bit chc, bo m l ng߶i nh my khng thch t qua cc hng f-keys qu xa tm tay (u ngn tay th ng hn). nh rng xi rit ri cng quen nhng mi dm qua ci bng lit k trn (m anh bn ti ny ra kin v lun ln keyboard cho d nh) l ti thy ngp. on tr߶ng ny ai c qua cu chc mi thng cm nhng g ti ni ni y, c phi?
l cha ni n vic thay i cc kiu ch. T th߶ng (roman) ra m (bold), nghing (italic), nghing m (bold-italic) v ngc li. Cng nh vic thay i c ch, tc point-size. Thng th߶ng, bn phi quay tr li bi vit ca mnh, trong khi lm layout, ri tm nhng on c bit cn phi lm ni bc , sn ln mt lp (lm inverse video) v chn kiu v c ch bn mun.
Cn ring vn lm layout th li l mt cng vic khc na cng cn ni s ra y. Ly Ventura software lm th d chng hn, bn c th copy mt trong nhng cch layout mu (c chc mu c hn) ri t bin ch cho thch hp vi mnh. i khi ta (heading) v bi (text) s vit vi loi ch no, c ch no. Trnh by d߾i dng mt ct hay hai, ba, v. v. Nu bn mun tr thnh mt ng߶i layout chuyn nghip th, tt hn ht, bn nn ghi tn hc qua mt lp hm th cp tc i. Bng khng, chc chn bn phi mt hng nhiu gi, hoc c khi hng nhiu ngy, t nghin cu v m mm ly mt mnh.
Xp ch ting Vit r rng l mt ngh mi, mt ngnh mi trong cng ng hi ngoi. C ng߶i lm vui chi, nh ti y chng hn, nhng cng c ng߶i lm "kim sng" nh mt ngh chnh. Nhng ng߶i ny th߶ng phi k hp ng vi cc nh xut bn hoc cc nh bo. Th߶ng ch do quen bit ri hn hp lm n vi nhau. Cho nn, vn cnh tranh gia ng߶i ny v nhng ng߶i khc hnh nh cha thy xy ra. Tuy lm khng hn l߽ng ct c, nhng vi mt cun sch vi ba trm trang, tin cng lm typesetting v layout cng ln n bc ngn. Mt nm lm m߶i cun th cng c bc chc ngn ch chng phi chi. Trong khi tin vn b ra lp tim t߽ng i khng ln lm, khong nm ba ngn. Ch cn mua mt ci my PC v mt ci laser printer l xong. Giy v mc tnh sau. Cn software ch Vit th thiu g by gi. Nu mun lm n ngay thng th b ra chng hai trm -la mua mt b, bng khng th copy li ca bn b.
Nh hu ht ai cng bit, c rt nhiu ng߶i t ch ly b ch Vit cho ring mnh. C tinh vi, chuyn nghip hay khng th phi ch khi h trnh lng ri mi nhn xt c. Thnh thong ti cng nhn c nhng cun sch tng t cc tc gi hon ton t xut bn ly. Ngha l t u n cui khng qua mt nh xut bn no ht. Nhn qua th phi ni kiu ch ca h chng bng ai. Ai y l nhng ng߶i thin ngh trong ngnh, hn c ti my bc na ka. Nhng cn hn nhiu so vi kiu ch b du bng tay. Nh vy, ti thiu, mnh cng nn khen tng, hoan h mt vi ting cho h ln tinh thn!
Kh ni, cho n by gi l khong cui nm 1990, mt vi t bo c tm vc trong c c t Th K 21 vn cn b du cc ta bi bng tay (s 19, thng 11 nm 1990, trang 40, 42, 45, 47, 52...). Ti hi ngc nhin v c s Ng߶i Vit, m ti c dp thm ving, c rt nhiu my mc v typsetting v layout. C c i truyn hnh na kia m. Chng l l mt ci job security theo kiu M cho nhng ng߶i c hoa tay, chu trch nhim b du. Job security (bo m ngh nghip) th thng th߶ng ch c nhng hng ln ca M m thi. Lut bo m ngh nghip l you don't have do it right on the first place , khng bt buc phi lm ng ngay t u. V lm ng ngay t u th cn chuyn g u na m lm? vy, cn phi tranh ginh nh hߗng vi m my mc, hay thng lng nh rut nga kia na ka. C tߗng tng ci g cng giao ht cho ng߶i my, cho robot, th khng my chc cng nhn trong cc hng xߗng s n l߽ng tht nghip di di.
Th hi mt nh in Si Gn lc tr߾c cn bao nhiu nhn cng? Ti thiu cng i ba chc ng߶i nu tnh lun my ng th xp ch. Thi bui by gi c th ch cn vi ba ng߶i lm m thi. Vi iu kin phi b tin ra mua cc loi my mc ti tn mt cht. Chng hn, gt cc my phototypesetter lm d߽ng bn qua mt bn, ch cn a mt ci my Kodak 1392 ra lm th d in hnh l . Ci my ny c kh nng in 46 t hai mt (tc 92 trang) trong mt pht, xp li trang theo th t (collate), ng thnh tp vi 1 hoc 2 kim (staple), hoc khoan 3 hoc 5 l (drill) sn sng v ba cng (binding folder). Nu in sch cho cc tc gi Vit Nam ta th ch cn ng ba, ct cnh na l xong. Mt cun sch gn 200 trang (184 trang nu mun ni chnh xc) ch in trong 2 pht. Mt ngn cun sch ny ch in trong 2000 pht, tc khong 33 gi, hay cha y mt ngy rߗi (nn nh l my mc lm vic 24 trn 24). Xong. Ly tin. Phi tay ci rt. Nhng ci my Kodak 1392 loi ny khng r u. Vi gi th tr߶ng hin thi cng khong 250 ngn -la l t. C iu ti khoi mt ci l ci my ny tuy n c d kch cm nhng rt l tin li. Tin li n ni ti chuyn nhng file layout ting Vit ca ti, nm sn trong PC hard-drive, n n n cng nhn lun. D nhin phi qua mt anh bn trung gian (interface program). Thit l chi sang theo kiu nh giu c khc!
Da vo k thut tn tin ca nhng my in chy qu nhanh nh va mi ni trn, ng߶i ta ngh ngay n chuyn lu tr v chuyn t sch v bng... in t. iu ny, tr߾c ht, lm gim thiu chi ph to ln hng nm phi b ra thu nhng kho cha sch mnh mng. Vic kim k cng gn gng hn v khi phi lo mi mt, chut b gm nhm g c. Ri, th n, cng khi phi lo tn tin tu, tin my bay ch hng ngn tn sch i khp nm chu. Va chm lt va mc m. H ni no cn th chuyn file sch gi sn trong memory n bng ߶ng in thoi vin lin v in ngay ti ch trong vi ting ng h. Cui cng, vic cp nht ha, sa i nhng chi tit cn thit cho cun sch li ha ra d dng hn. Ni chung, cch in n theo kiu a ph߽ng, multi-media publishing, nh sn sng thay th li n ph߽ng giy trng mc en, hard copy, cng ngy cng tr nn li thi.
l cha ni n my in mu. Dng in ba sch l vic tr߾c tin. Tuy nhin, nhng tay giu c vn c th in mu lun c bi v bn trong sch na. Mc ch lm sng t nhng u , tiu , kt lun, dn bi, hnh nh... Hu ht cc sch gio khoa ca M u c in theo kiu ny. Vi nhng k thut tn tin hin thi, nhng nh in b ti c th dng ngay my laser mu, color laser printer, lm vic ny. Tuy chm hn nhiu so vi cch in trng en. Cng nhiu mu cng chm. Chc cc bn cha c dp nhn qua cch in trn my laser mu? Th y, chng c g gh gm, d dn ht. Thot tin, my cun t giy vo trc in, ging nh trc my nh ch vy, ng thi trng ln mu nht nht. Mu vng chng hn. Xong, cun t giy tr ra v bt u lm li cho mt mu hi m hn. Mu xanh l cy chng hn. Ri tip tc lm nh vy cho cc mu m hn na. Mu , mu xanh m... v sau cng l mu en. L d nhin nhng khong no c t m thm u c cn thn dn tr߾c cho computer bit. V cc mu phi in chng ln nhau v v t giy phi cun ra cun vo nhiu ln nn i khi nt ch lm lc b x xch cht nh (tr߶ng hp gp cc my dm hoc c). Mu nm chng ln nhau khng c kht khao, ma nho ra thy nh cho bng hay v ni, l ti vy. iu ng ni l ti c th vi anh chng troff ca ti. Chy p lm. Vi my QMS ColorScript 100, Model 30i. Khong 15 ngn -la tr li, theo thi gi hin hnh. Trang ta sch ng u l ti lm typesetting vi hai mu y. Mu xanh m cho tn tc gi v tn nh xut bn. Mu dnh cho phn cn li. Nhng chng bit lc giao cho nh xut bn in n th s ra sao y. Cng lm th cng s thnh trng en thi (nu ti chn mu vng hoc xanh l cy th c th k nh khi thy lun nu a vo my in en trng).
i, m ny gi ti i lc ri. T lm ch tim typesetting v layout, l߽ng ba ng ba cc, nh my hc x du, m li lm le nhy ra i lm ch nh in th r ch ngi y ging. Thi, cho ti ngng li y i.
Tr߾c khi kt thc lot bi vit v typesetting v layout ch Vit, ti c mt iu mun xin tha cng cc bn. T tr߾c n gi, do tnh c duyn may dun ri cng c m do tn tnh dy cng nghin cu cng c, ti ln ln i n mt thnh cng, mt kt qu hu hn no . V ly lm vui. By gi nhn li qu trnh mnh i qua, vi ti, tt c nh tr thnh mt k nim p. Mt k nim p? Vng, mt k nim p! Bn c bao gi mun c mt k nim p nh ti? Bn c bao gi mun share mt k nim p vi ti? Giy mc u m chng vit mt vi li?
* Troff l mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng xp ch (text processor) nhm s dng cho cc my in laser printer hoc phototypesetter. Trong khi nroff, mt hnh thc khc ca troff, th c bit dnh ring xi cho cc loi my in ging nh my nh ch, c bng mc bng vi v a ch bng nha (daisy wheel) hoc c nhiu mi nhn (dot matrix).
Troff c tng hng ch mt (each line of words) t input file v vit ra output file d߾i dng thc c th sn sng tip nhn bi nhng ch߽ng trnh in ton iu khin my in (printer's drivers). C hai, input v ouput file, u l ASCII file, tc c th em ln xem xt trn mn nh. Troff mang n cho ng߶i s dng rt nhiu kh nng bin ch nhm trnh by (layout) trang giy theo mun ca mnh.
Troff c Joseph F. Ossanna vit ra vo nm 1973 bng ngn ng tp hp (assembly language), xi cho my PDP-11 (mt loi mini-computer ca hng Digital Electronic, Inc.), nhm iu khin my in loi Graphic System CAT ca Wang Laboratories. Hai nm sau, troff c vit li bng ngn ng C (C language) v cng ngy cng ph bin mnh m cho n khi Ossanna mt vo nm 1977.
Nm 1979, Brian W. Kernighan sa i troff li thnh troff c lp (independent troff) c th xi chung cho cc loi computer v nhiu loi my in khc nhau. Kt qu l, thng th߶ng, mi loi my in cn phi c thm mt hu ch߽ng in ton (post proceesor) i km theo.
Trong thi gian 10 nm sau, t 1979 n 1989, mc d nhng g cn bn ca Ossanna vn cn , troff c nhiu ln sa i, thm bt cho ph hp vi s pht trin trong ngnh in n. Hu c th cng lc tip nhn nhiu loi ch khc nhau (family fonts) cng nh nhiu ph߽ng php chuyn t tin tc hoc hiu lnh (pass information or command) cho hu ch߽ng in ton.
Trong hn 17 nm qua, mc d nhiu ln b bi bc ch trch, troff ngang nhin sng v t chng minh rng: troff l mt cng c rt hu hiu trong k ngh xp ch, n lot hin i.
08. BNG CH GII CC T ЃC BIT
NGUYN TN HNG
Trong phn d߾i y, cc t c bit c tnh cch k thut, chuyn mn s c gii thch mt cch s si theo thin ca tc gi. Khng nhm mc ch a ra mt nh ngha chung no ht. Cng trong phn ny, hai cch in mi s c ni qua. Ngha l ch Vit in theo li nn en ch trng, tc inverse video font , c trnh by phn ta ca bi vit. V sau y, ch Vit in theo li:
"nn xm nht, ch en," - tc highlight font dng nhn mnh nhng ch quan trng, cng c thc hin. Ь, mt ln na, chng minh s a nng a dng ca ph߽ng php xp ch Vit qua cch phi hp hai ngn ng in ton troff v postscript.
Vi mt cch nhn khi qut, troff tht s m trch phn xp ch v kim lun phn layout, font v point size (already built in) ca tng ch tng dng, ta cng nh bi vit. Trong khi postscript ch lo phn in n cho cc my printer, laser printer, phototypestter... Ь kt thc lot bi vit v typesetting, ti ngh rng tt c nhng g ti trnh by chng qua ch l mt trong nhiu ph߽ng thc lm p thm dng ch Vit. V, d nhin, ph߽ng thc no cng c nhng u v khuyt im ca n.
"AT&T" - American Telephone and Telegraph Company, hng in thoi v, sau ny, cng l hng ch bn my in ton ca M - trang 14, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 130, 136.
"Admiral" - Mt cng ty ch to my nh ch danh ting trn th gii - trang 68.
"Adobe" - Hng ch ra ngn ng in ton postscript v hng trm h ch khc nhau cho cc my in ton s dng trong ngnh in - trang 42, 78.
"Agfa-Gevaert" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Apollo" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Apple Computer Inc." - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Arts and Letters" - Mt b software c km ch߽ng trnh vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"Avant Garde" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 50.
"Bzier" - Nguyn tc v mt ߶ng cong bng cch lm nhiu ln ng tc ni lin cc trung im ca cc khong cch li vi nhau - trang 31, 32.
"Bell Laboratories" - Nhng c s tm ti, sng ch, pht minh, nghin cu v th nghim ca hng AT&T - trang 14, 33, 88, 93, 100, 105.
"Bell System" - Hng in thoi ca M, tin thn ca AT&T - trang 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103.
"Bookman" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 50.
"C function" - Mt hiu lnh nh hoc tng phn c vit bng ngn ng C - trang 33.
"C language" - Mt ngn ng xi cho my in ton pht minh vo u thp nin 70 bi AT&T Bell Laboratories - trang 14, 33, 104.
"C language compiler" - B ch߽ng trnh in ton dng thnh lp c h thng nhng ch߽ng trnh in ton khc c vit bng ngn ng C - trang 71.
"Courier" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 37, 54.
"Dataproducts Corp." - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Dennis M. Ritchie" - Ng߶i pht minh ra ngn ng C cho my in ton ti Bell Laboratories - trang 33.
"Diconix" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Digital Equipment Corp." - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29, 100, 136.
"DOS" - Ch vit tt ca ch Disk Operating System, h thng my in ton chy vi a mm (floppy disk) v a cng (hard drive) - trang 71.
"DisplayWrite" - Mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"Elan Computer Group" - Mt cng ty ch bn ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff ca AT&T, d߾i s ng ca hng ny - trang 71, 106.
"Electronic typesetting" - Ph߽ng php xp ch bng my in ton - trang 13.
"Format" - Mt cch thc trnh by trang sch, trang bo bng troff - trang 15.
"FrameMaker" - Mt b software c km ch߽ng trnh vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60, 132.
"HP Jet II" - My in bng tia laser thng th߶ng, khng c b phn trang b cho ngn ng postscript, do hng Hewlett-Packard ch - trang 84.
"Helvetica" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 14, 50, 54.
"Helvetica Narrow" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 37, 50.
"Helvetica-Outline" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 14.
"Hershey Gothic" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 14, 50.
"Hershey Script" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 14, 50.
"Hewlett-Packard" - Mt cng ty ch my in ton c ting M - trang 100, 136.
"Honey Well" - Mt cng ty ch my in ton c ting M - trang 100.
"IBM" - Mt cng ty ch my in ton c ting M v cng l mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29, 100, 104, 136.
"Input operator" - Ng߶i nh my vo my in ton - trang 18.
"Linotype Company" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"MCI" - Mt cng ty lo v truyn thng vin lin ca M - trang 103, 104.
"MKS Toolkit" - Mt ch߽ng trnh in ton t߽ng t nh UNIX ca hng AT&T, chy ring cho my in ton c nhn do cng ty Mortice Kern Systems Gia N i ch to - trang 106.
"MS-DOS" - Ch vit tt ca ch Microsoft (tn mt hng in ton M) Disk Operating System, mt h thng my in ton chy vi a mm (floppy disk) v a cng (hard drive) - trang 60, 71.
"MacWrite" - Mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"Macintosh" - Mt loi my in ton c nhn do hng Apple Computer ch to - trang 42, 60.
"Merriam-Webster" - Tn ca cng ty lm t in ting M ln c hng M - trang 88.
"Mm-macro" - Tn gi chung cho cc hiu lnh c vit ring cho troff, mt ph߽ng php xp ch ca hng AT&T - trang 16.
"Mortice Kern System" - Mt cng ty bin ch ch߽ng trnh UNIX ca AT&T chy cho my in ton c nhn - trang 106.
"NBI Inc." - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"NEC, Nippon Electronic Company" - Tn mt cng ty ca Nht chuyn ch to v bn dng c in t bao gm nhiu lnh vc k c truyn thng v my in ton - trang 103.
"NEC Information Systems" - Mt chi nhnh ca Nippon Electronic Company c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"New Century School Book" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 26, 37, 42, 49, 50, 81, 84.
"Northern Telecom Company" - Mt cng ty chuyn lo v ch to v bn dng c truyn thng ca Gia N i - trang 103, 104.
"PageMaker" - Mt b software c km ch߽ng trnh vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60, 132.
"Palatino" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 50.
"Point size" - C ch, ln nh ca ch - trang 15.
"PostScript language" - Mt ngn ng in ton do hng Adobe sng ch vo u thp nin 80 - trang 21, 29, 30.
"PostScript output" - Mt bi vit bng ngn ng postscript - trang 21.
"QMS Inc." - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Qume Corporation" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Remington" - Mt cng ty ch to my nh ch danh ting trn th gii - trang 68.
"Samna Plus" - Mt b software c km ch߽ng trnh vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"Siemen Company" - Mt cng ty chuyn lo v ch to v bn dng c truyn thng ca c - trang 103.
"Sperry Univac" - Mt cng ty ch my in ton c ting M - trang 100.
"Standard editing notes" - Nhng ߾c hiu cn bn ghi ch cc im sai v cn c sa sai nh th no trong mt bi vit - trang 39.
"Symbol" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 50.
"Texas Intruments" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"The Laser Connection" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Times-Roman" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 26, 49, 50.
"Troff" - Ph߽ng php xp ch cho cc my in bng tia laser - trang 13, 14, 16, 18, 68, 129.
"Troff software package" - B ch߽ng trnh in ton c bit c ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 71.
"Typesetting" - Ph߽ng php xp ch - trang 18, 131.
"UNIX Operating System" - H thng iu hnh bn trong my in ton pht minh bi hng AT&T - trang 14, 88, 91.
"US Sprint" - Mt cng ty lo v truyn thng vin lin ca M - trang 103.
"VI Quick References" - Bng tm lc cc hiu lnh c th xi trong khi s dng "vi" - trang 123.
"Varityper" - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Ventura" - Mt b software c km ch߽ng trnh vit bi trn my in ton - trang 132, 141.
"WYGIWYT" - Ch vit tt ca ch "what you get is what you think" - trang 133.
"WYSIWYG sytem" - Ch vit tt ca ch "what you see is what you get" - trang 13, 139.
"Wang Laboratories Inc." - Mt cng ty c ch my in xi vi ngn ng in ton postscript - trang 29.
"Western-Union" - Hng chuyn lo v in tn ca M - trang 91.
"Western-Electric" - Hng chuyn lo ch to v cung cp dng c truyn thng cho Bell System - trang 100, 102.
"What you see is what you get" - Anh s in ra y chang nhng g anh thy trn mn nh - trang 13.
"WordPerfect" - Mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"WordStar" - Mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"XENIX System" - Mt h thng iu hnh bn trong cc my in ton t߽ng t nh UNIX ca AT&T do hng IBM ch - trang 104.
"XYWrite" - Mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng vit bi trn my in ton - trang 60.
"Zapf Chancery" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 14, 50, 54.
"Zapf Dingbat" - Tn gi ca mt h ch do hng Adobe sng ch hoc mua ca hng khc s dng - trang 50.
mt h thng mm-macro mi do mnh t vit ly - trang 18.
"absolute move" - di chuyn n mt ta mi m khng cn bit v tr c u; mt hiu lnh trong ngn ng postscript - trang 30.
"appendix" - ph lc, ph ch - trang 18.
"assembly language" - mt ngn ng xi cho my in ton - trang 147.
"beginning of page (.bp)" - hiu lnh nhy sang trang mi trong khi trnh by mt bi vit, theo ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 67.
"blank line" - nhng hng cha trng trong mt bi vit - trang 61.
"bold" - ch vit m - trang 15, 140.
"bold-italic" - ch vit nghing m - trang 15, 141.
"bomb" - ch߽ng trnh in ton ang chy v c b ct ngang, ngng ngang - trang 18.
"boss" - ch nhn ng, xp ln - trang 16, 38.
"cedilla" - du ngoc nh d߾i ch c trong Php ng, t d nh garcon - trang 26.
"center (.ce)" - hiu lnh vit ngay gia cu tip theo y, theo ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 17, 63.
"character" - mu t, ni tng nguyn m, ph m mt - trang 76, 108.
"color laser printer" - my in bng tia laser vi loi mu khc nhau - trang 139, 145.
"command" - mt hiu lnh, ch th trong cc ch߽ng trnh in ton - trang 30, 31, 33, 37, 97, 98, 106, 111, 118.
"comments" - nhng ghi ch ca ng߶i vit ch߽ng trnh d nh khi c li - trang 81.
"composition" - tn mt kha hc v Anh ng, phi hp ch v cu - trang 28.
"computer" - my in ton ni chung, my in ton c nhn ni ring - trang 88, 97, 100, 111, 116, 117, 120, 131.
"computer language" - mt ngn ng c vit ring cho cc my in ton - trang 14, 33.
"convert" - chuyn i t ngn ng ny qua ngn ng khc (ngn ng ca my in ton, d nhin) - trang 21.
"cursor" - du v tr trn mn nh my in ton - trang 107, 112, 114, 115.
"curve" - v mt ߶ng cong da theo nhng ta cho sn; mt hiu lnh trong ngn ng postscript - trang 31.
"design" - phc ha v vit mt ch߽ng trnh hay mt phn ch߽ng trnh cho my in ton - trang 19, 37, 140.
"devil" - con qu, mt hnh th quan trng trong tr chi pacman trn mn nh my in ton - trang 32.
"device independent troff" - troff dng chung cho cc loi my in, s dng hay khng s dng tia laser, c ch to bi nhiu hng khc nhau - trang 21.
"display end (.DE)" - hiu lnh chm dt phn cha trng hoc khng cho php v hnh na, theo ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 17.
"display start (.DS)" - bt u cha trng hoc cho php v hnh, theo ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 17.
"ditroff" - ch vit tt ca ch device independent troff - trang 21.
"dot" - du chm, nh chm cui cu hoc chm xung hng - trang 16.
"dotless i" - ch i khng c du chm trn u - trang 25.
"downloadable character" - mu t mi c sng ch khng nm trong h thng ch cn bn ca hng Adobe - trang 76, 77.
"draft copy" - bn tho cn d li, sa li - trang 38, 137.
"draw" - hnh v i km theo bi vit c v bng my in ton - trang 31.
"ed" - mt ch߽ng trnh in ton xa c dng nh my vo my in ton (editing program) - trang 18, 60.
"edline" - mt ch߽ng trnh in ton xa c, t߽ng t nh ed, dng nh my vo my in ton (editing program) - trang 18, 98.
"editor" - ng߶i d, c li bn tho tm sa cc ch sai; khc vi ch bt - trang 38.
"electronic typesetting" - ph߽ng php xp ch bng my in ton - trang 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31.
"ellipse" - ߶ng cong ton hc hnh qu trm - trang 32.
"family font" - mt h ch, t d nh h Times-Roman chng hn - trang 26, 37, 50.
"final copy" - bn in chung quyt, bn mu s c giao cho nh in - trang 38.
"flexibility" - s mm do, d thay i theo mun - trang 16, 18, 19.
"font" - mt kiu ch trong mt h ch (family font) nh th߶ng, nghing, m, nghing m - trang 14, 29, 81, 145.
"format" - mt cch thc trnh by trang sch, trang bo bng troff - trang 14, 29.
"full screen editing command" - mt ch߽ng trnh in ton dng nh my bi vit vo my in ton s dng nguyn c mn nh thay v tng hng mt - trang 60, 97, 98.
"function" - mt hiu lnh trong mt h thng my, t߽ng t nh ch command - trang 14, 69, 81.
"function keys" - nhng du ch dnh ring cho h thng c th c vit li bi ng߶i s dng, t߽ng t nh system pf keys v user pf keys, hay n gin hn, f-keys - trang 42, 139, 140.
"glossary" - bng ch gii nhng t c bit trong bi - trang 18.
"graphic capability" - kh nng to hnh, v hnh ca cc ch߽ng trnh in ton - trang 42.
"guru" - nhng ng߶i c nhiu kinh nghim trong vic vit ch߽ng trnh cho my in ton - trang 18.
"handle" - c th lo liu ni - trang 16.
"hard copy" - bn lu tr sch v bng giy trng mc en - trang 144.
"heading (.H)" - hiu lnh in ta bi hay ta ch߽ng, theo ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 15.
"highlight font" - ch en vit trn nn xm nht - trang 145.
"horizontal move" - hiu lnh di chuyn hng ngang, theo ph߽ng php xp ch s dng troff - trang 76.
"hyperbola" - ߶ng cong ton hc hyperbol - trang 32.
"if you cannot beat them, join them" - nu anh khng thng h, thi nn ngi vi h; mt cch ni ca ng߶i M - trang 104.
"if it wasn't broken, don't fix it" - nu n khng h th ng c sa; mt cch ni ca ng߶i M - trang 95.
"image" - bn sao cc hnh chp c ghi nhn bng ngn ng in ton